零价态主族元素化合物的合成、结构与反应性质研究进展★

doi:10.6023/A25080274

化学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 83 ›› Issue (12): 1576-1591.DOI: 10.6023/A25080274 上一篇下一篇

所属专题： “中国青年化学家”合辑

综述

零价态主族元素化合物的合成、结构与反应性质研究进展^★

陈明, 莫贞波^*()

南开大学化学学院元素有机化学全国重点实验室有机新物质创造前沿科学中心天津 300071

投稿日期:2025-08-06 发布日期:2025-10-10

作者简介:

陈明, 南开大学化学学院2022级在读博士研究生, 主要研究方向为低价主族元素化学及小分子活化.

莫贞波, 博士, 南开大学化学学院研究员, 博士生导师. 长期从事主族元素化学和金属有机化学方向的研究工作, 在新型低价态主族元素化合物的合成方面取得了一系列研究成果, 迄今在Chem、J. Am. Chem. Soc.、Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.、Nat. Commun.等国际著名期刊杂志发表学术论文40余篇.

^★ “中国青年化学家”专辑.

基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF0723900); 国家自然科学基金项目(22071124); 国家自然科学基金项目(22371130); 国家自然科学基金项目(223B2109); 国家自然科学基金项目(22188101); 国家自然科学基金项目(22221002); 南开大学新有机质前沿科学研究中心项目(C029215001); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(63206007); 南开大学

Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Zero-Valent Main Group Compounds^★

Ming Chen, Zhenbo Mo^*()

State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071

Received:2025-08-06 Published:2025-10-10
Contact: * E-mail: zhenbo.mo@nankai.edu.cn
About author:
^★ For the VSI “Rising Stars in Chemistry”.
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF0723900); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22071124); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22371130); National Natural Science Foundation of China(223B2109); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22188101); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22221002); Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter at Nankai University(C029215001); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(63206007); Nankai University.

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摘要/Abstract

零价态主族元素以不同键合方式形成种类丰富的同素异形体, 在合成化学和新材料开发领域展现了广泛的应用潜力. 近年来, 随着主族元素化学的不断发展, 配体稳定的低价态主族元素化合物逐渐受到重视, 相关的单核和双核零价态主族元素化合物的合成研究相继被报道. 配体稳定的单核和双核零价态主族元素化合物具有独特的电子结构, 其分离与表征有助于深入理解零价态主族元素的成键机制, 而其良好的溶解性则极大地拓展了它们在合成化学中的应用. 此外, 零价主族元素化合物因中心元素的不寻常氧化态, 展现出在小分子活化方面的潜力. 本文综述了配体稳定的单核和双核零价态主族元素化合物的合成, 重点总结了零价态主族元素化合物的分离及其化学反应性, 并探讨了这一领域面临的挑战及未来的发展方向.

关键词: 主族元素化学, 零价态, 配体, 合成化学, 小分子活化

Zero-valent main group elements give rise to a diverse array of allotropes through various bonding modes, such as covalent network bonding, molecular aggregation and polymeric chain formation. This structural diversity not only reflects the intrinsic bonding flexibility of these elements but also showcases their significant application potential in synthetic chemistry and the development of advanced new materials. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of main group element chemistry, ligand-stabilized low-valent main group element compounds have garnered increasing attention. Compounds containing zero-valent main group elements feature electron-rich main group element centers and exhibit extremely high reactivity, making their stable existence difficult to achieve for a long time. With the design and development of novel ligands for low-valent main group elements, a series of groundbreaking zero-valent main group element compounds have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Among these, ligand-stabilized mono- and dinuclear zero-valent main group element compounds exhibit unique electronic structures, and their isolation and characterization enhance our understanding of the bonding mechanisms associated with zero-valent main group elements. Since the differences in the electronic properties of ligands significantly affect the bonding modes between zero-valent element atoms and ligands, such compounds usually exhibit unique electronic structural characteristics and a rich variety of chemical reactivities. Furthermore, their excellent solub ility in common organic solvents greatly broadens their applications in homogeneous synthetic chemistry. Additionally, due to the unusual oxidation states of the central elements, zero-valent main group element compounds show promise in small molecule activation. This review mainly summarizes the synthesis of zero-valent compounds of elements from Group 13 to 15 in the p-block of the periodic table as well as a few alkaline earth metal elements in the s-block. The article elaborates on their isolation, electronic structures and bonding modes, and unique chemical reaction properties while addressing the challenges they face in this field and outlining future development directions.

Key words: main group elements chemistry, zero-valent, ligand, synthetic chemistry, small molecules activation

引用此文

陈明, 莫贞波. 零价态主族元素化合物的合成、结构与反应性质研究进展^★[J]. 化学学报, 2025, 83(12): 1576-1591.

Ming Chen, Zhenbo Mo. Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Zero-Valent Main Group Compounds^★[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2025, 83(12): 1576-1591.

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图/表 45

图式1. 卡宾及其重元素类似物稳定的零价主族元素化合物的配位模式示意图

Scheme 1. The coordination modes of carbenes and their heavy-element analogues stabilized zero-valent main group elements compound

图式2. CAAC稳定的零价铍化合物(2)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 2. Synthesis and reactivity of CAAC-stabilized zero-valent beryllium compound (2)

图式3. 零价镁化合物(6)的合成

Scheme 3. Synthesis of zero-valent magnesium compound (6)

图式4. 零价镁化合物(6)和(7)的反应性

Scheme 4. Reactivity of zero-valent magnesium compound (6) and (7)

图式5. NHC稳定的双核零价硼化合物(11)的合成

Scheme 5. Synthesis of NHC-stabilized diatomic zero-valent boron compound (11)

图式6. 化合物11的反应性

Scheme 6. Reactivity of compound 11

图式7. CAAC稳定的双核硼化合物(15)的合成

Scheme 7. Synthesis of CAAC-stabilized diatomic boron compound (15)

图式8. 化合物(11)和(15)的反应性

Scheme 8. Reactivity of compound (11) and (15)

图式9. 小位阻卡宾(IMe4)稳定的双核零价硼化合物(21)的合成

Scheme 9. Synthesis of IMe4-stabilized diatomic zero-valent boron compound (21)

图式10. 化合物(21)的反应性

Scheme 10. Reactivity of compound (21)

图式11. 硅宾稳定的双核零价硼化合物(24)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 11. Synthesis and reactivity of silylene-stabilized diatomic zero-valent boron compound (24)

图式12. CAAC稳定的单核零价硼化合物(28)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 12. Synthesis and reactivity of CAAC-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent boron compound (28)

图式13. 三苯基膦稳定的单核零价碳化合物(31)的结构式

Scheme 13. Structure formula of Ph3P-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent carbon compound (31)

图式14. NHC稳定的单核零价碳化合物(33)的合成

Scheme 14. Synthesis of NHC-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent carbon compound (33)

图式15. 零价碳化合物35的反应性

Scheme 15. Reactivity of zero-valent carbon compound (35)

图式16. 零价碳化合物37的反应性

Scheme 16. Reactivity of zero-valent carbon compound 37

图式17. 重氮磷叶立德化合物44和重氮硫叶立德化合物47的合成

Scheme 17. Synthesis of Ph3PCN2 (44) and Ph2SCN2 (47)

图式18. CAAC稳定的双核零价碳化合物(48)的反应性

Scheme 18. Reactivity of CAAC-stabilized diatomic zero-valent carbon compound (48)

图式19. 膦配体稳定的单配位双核碳化合物(51)的反应性

Scheme 19. Reactivity of phosphine-stabilized monocoordinated diatomic carbon compound (51)

图式20. 硅宾稳定的开链型单核零价硅化合物57 (a)和60 (b)的合成

Scheme 20. Synthesis of silylene-stabilized acyclic monoatomic zero-valent silicon compound 57 (a) and 60 (b)

图式21. CAAC稳定的单核零价硅化合物(62)的合成

Scheme 21. Synthesis of CAAC-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent silicon compound (62)

图式22. NHC稳定的单核零价硅化合物(63)的反应性

Scheme 22. Reactivity of NHC-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent silicon compound (63)

图式23. 介离子卡宾稳定的单核零价硅化合物(69)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 23. Synthesis and reactivity of mesoionic carbene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent silicon compound (69)

图式24. 硅宾稳定的环状单核零价硅化合物(71)的反应性

Scheme 24. Reactivity of silylene-stabilized cyclic monoatomic zero-valent silicon compound (71)

图式25. 锗宾稳定的环状单核零价硅化合物(77)的合成

Scheme 25. Synthesis of germylene-stabilized cyclic monoatomic zero-valent silicon compound (77)

图式26. 卡宾稳定的双核零价硅化合物79 (a)和81 (b)的合成

Scheme 26. Synthesis of carbene-stabilized diatomic zero-valent silicon compound 79 (a) and 81 (b)

图式27. 硅宾稳定的双核零价硅化合物(83)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 27. Synthesis and reactivity of silylene-stabilized diatomic zero-valent silicon compound (83)

图式28. 卡宾稳定的单核零价锗化合物86 (a)和88 (b)的合成

Scheme 28. Synthesis of carbene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent germanium compound 86 (a) and 88 (b)

图式29. 吡啶双亚胺配体稳定的单核零价锗化合物90的合成

Scheme 29. Synthesis of pyridine imine-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent germanium compound 90

图式30. 卡宾-亚胺配体稳定的单核零价锗化合物93的合成

Scheme 30. Synthesis of carbene-imine ligand stabilized monoatomic zero-valent germanium compound 93

图式31. 硅宾稳定的单核零价锗化合物95 (a)和96 (b)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 31. Synthesis of carbene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent germanium compound 95 (a) and 96 (b)

图式32. 双核零价锗化合物100 (a)和102 (b)的合成

Scheme 32. Synthesis of diatomic zero-valent germanium compound 100 (a) and 102 (b)

图式33. 亚胺稳定的单核零价锡化合物(104)的合成

Scheme 33. Synthesis of imine-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent stannum compound (104)

图式34. 硅宾稳定的单核零价锡化合物(106)的合成

Scheme 34. Synthesis of silylene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent stannum compound (106)

图式35. 锗宾稳定的单核零价锡化合物(109)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 35. Synthesis and reactivity of germylene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent stannum compound (109)

图式36. NHC稳定的双核零价锡化合物(111)的合成

Scheme 36. Synthesis of NHC-stabilized dioatomic zero-valent stannum compound (111)

图式37. 硅宾稳定的双核零价锡化合物(113)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 37. Synthesis and reactivity of silylene-stabilized diatomic zero-valent stannum compound (113)

图式38. 硅宾稳定的单核零价铅化合物(118)和(119)的合成

Scheme 38. Synthesis of silylene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent lead compound (118) and (119)

图式39. 锗宾稳定单核零价铅化合物(122)的合成

Scheme 39. Synthesis of germylene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent lead compound (122)

图式40. 锗宾稳定单核零价铅化合物(122)的反应性

Scheme 40. Reactivity of germylene-stabilized monoatomic zero-valent lead compound (122)

图式41. 双膦烯-铅π配合物(125)的合成

Scheme 41. Synthesis of diphosphene lead π-complex (125)

图式42. 卡宾稳定的双核零价磷化合物127 (a)和129 (b)的合成

Scheme 42. Synthesis of carbene-stabilized diatomic zero-valent phosphorus compound 127 (a) and 129 (b)

图式43. 硅宾稳定的双核零价磷化合物(130)的合成及其反应性

Scheme 43. Synthesis and reactivity of silylene-stabilized diatomic zero-valent phosphorus compound (130)

图式44. NHC稳定的双核零价砷化合物(135)的合成(a)及其反应性(b)

Scheme 44. Synthesis (a) and reactivity (b) of NHC-stabilized diatomic zero-valent arsenic compound (135)

图式45. CAAC稳定的双核零价锑化合物(139)的合成

Scheme 45. Synthesis of CAAC-stabilized diatomic zero-valent antimony compound (139)

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零价态主族元素化合物的合成、结构与反应性质研究进展^★

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零价态主族元素化合物的合成、结构与反应性质研究进展★

Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Zero-Valent Main Group Compounds★

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零价态主族元素化合物的合成、结构与反应性质研究进展^★

Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Zero-Valent Main Group Compounds^★