仿生控冰材料用于细胞及组织的冷冻保存

doi:10.6023/A21020043

化学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 79 ›› Issue (6): 729-741.DOI: 10.6023/A21020043 上一篇下一篇

综述

仿生控冰材料用于细胞及组织的冷冻保存

郑夏^a^,^b, 刘建亭^a, 刘樟^a, 王健君^a^,^b^,^*()

a 中国科学院化学研究所北京 100190
b 中国科学院大学北京 101407

投稿日期:2021-02-03 发布日期:2021-03-19
通讯作者: 王健君

作者简介:

郑夏, 中国科学院大学未来技术学院2019级直博生, 现于中国科学院化学研究所绿色印刷实验室攻读博士学位. 目前的研究方向为抗冻(糖)蛋白在复杂生物环境中的作用机理及低温生物样品冷冻保存.

刘建亭, 2020年毕业于中国科学院化学研究所, 获得博士学位. 现于中国科学院化学研究所从事博士后研究工作, 主要研究方向为组织、器官冷冻保存研究.

刘樟, 中国科学院化学研究所博士后. 2016年毕业于中国科学院化学研究所, 获得博士学位. 2016~2018年于以色列威兹曼研究所从事博士后研究. 2018年加入中国科学院化学研究所从事博士后研究. 研究方向为抗冻(糖)蛋白在仿生拥挤环境中的低温保护机制及其在细胞、组织冷冻保存领域的应用.

王健君, 中国科学院化学研究所研究员, 博士生导师, 国家杰出青年科学基金获得者. 1999年获华东理工大学学士学位; 2002年获华东理工大学硕士学位; 2006年获德国美因茨大学博士学位; 2007年5月担任德国马普高分子所课题组长; 2010年2月在中国科学院化学研究所工作, 任研究员/课题组长. 主要从事揭示冰晶形成分子机制、创制新型控冰材料并应用于细胞、组织和器官的冷冻保存等.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(51925307); 国家自然科学基金(21733010); 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFA0208502); 中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目(ZDBS-LYSLH031)

Bio-inspired Ice-controlling Materials for Cryopreservation of Cells and Tissues

Xia Zheng^a^,^b, Jianting Liu^a, Zhang Liu^a, Jianjun Wang^a^,^b()

a Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China

Received:2021-02-03 Published:2021-03-19
Contact: Jianjun Wang
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51925307); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21733010); National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0208502); Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS(ZDBS-LYSLH031)

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摘要/Abstract

冷冻保存是将细胞、组织或器官等生物样品置于超低温环境中, 使其代谢速率大大降低甚至停止, 以达到长期存储的目的, 并能在解冻后恢复其生理功能的科学与技术. 冷冻保存是当前实现生物样品长期存储的唯一有效手段, 是细胞治疗、再生医学以及器官移植等先进医疗技术充分发展的关键瓶颈之一. 然而, 由于细胞、组织中的含水量可高达70%~90%, 在不添加冷冻保护剂的情况下, 降温及复苏过程中伴随的冰晶损伤、渗透压失衡及溶质过度积累等必然会导致冻存失败. 传统冷冻保存策略通过大量使用二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)等能与水形成氢键的有机小分子置换出部分胞内水分, 有效避免了胞内形成大冰晶及溶质过度积累等不利因素, 使细胞得以成功冻存. 然而, 该类小分子已被证实破坏蛋白质结构、胞间连接, 并且具有表观遗传毒性; 同时, 传统的冻存策略很难用于组织器官冻存. 因此冷冻保存科学与技术急需冷冻保护材料(剂)的创新, 以摒弃有毒小分子的大量使用, 实现细胞、组织及器官的安全高效冻存. 控冰蛋白是在极寒地区生物体内发现的一类高效冰晶成核与生长控制剂, 可以保护生物不受冰冻损伤. 揭示控冰蛋白作用机制将为仿生构筑高效控冰材料, 开发新型控冰冷冻保存剂提供全新的思路. 本综述将简单回顾冷冻保存的发展历史, 评述传统冷冻保存策略的优缺点; 从新型仿生控冰冷冻保护剂的研究出发, 重点阐述近几十年来控冰蛋白控冰机制的研究进展、仿生控冰材料的创制及其在冷冻保存中的应用; 最后将进一步展望仿生控冰冻存材料未来的发展方向.

关键词: 仿生控冰材料, 生物样品, 冷冻保存, 控冰蛋白, 复杂生物体系

Cryopreservation is a science and technology of using ultra-low temperatures for the long-term storage of cells, tissues, or organs; also it ensures a recovery in function after thawing. Cryopreservation is currently the only effective method to realize long-term storage of biological samples, and it plays a critical role in areas of biomedicine such as cell therapy, regenerative medicine and organ transplantation. As the water content of cells and tissues can be as high as 70%~90%, ice formation inevitably occurs both intracellularly and extracellularly, which can be lethal because of the mechanical damage, the osmotic shock and excessive solute accumulations. Therefore, the scientific challenge of cryopreservation is to inhibit or control ice formation in the freezing/thawing processes. Traditional cryopreservation strategies use large amounts of small molecules, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as cryoprotectant (CPA) to permeate into the cells and prevent intracellular ice formation; which to some extends are successful in the cryopreservation of cells. However, these molecules are chemically and epigenetically toxic to cells. Meanwhile, these strategies have proved refractory for the cryopreservation of tissues and organs. Therefore, great efforts have been made for effective ice-controlling materials to regulate the ice formation during cryopreservation. In nature, many cold-acclimated species can avoid cold damage and survive in the subzero environment due to the existence of ice-regulating proteins, i.e., ice nucleating proteins (INPs) and antifreeze (glyco) proteins (AF(G)Ps). Inspired by these proteins, intensive investigations have been made to reveal the protection mechanism of the ice-regulating proteins in order to develop their mimics. It has been reported that the bio-inspired ice-controlling materials are more effective and safer CPA in cryopreservation in comparison to small organic molecules. Therefore, the present review will briefly summarize the history of cryopreservation for cells and tissues, and focus on the development of bio-inspired ice-controlling materials and their application in the cryopreservation of cells and tissues. At last, the challenges and possible directions of bio-inspired ice-controlling materials as cryoprotective agents will be briefed.

Key words: biomimetic ice-controlling material, biological sample, cryopreservation, ice-controlling protein, complex biological system

引用此文

郑夏, 刘建亭, 刘樟, 王健君. 仿生控冰材料用于细胞及组织的冷冻保存[J]. 化学学报, 2021, 79(6): 729-741.

Xia Zheng, Jianting Liu, Zhang Liu, Jianjun Wang. Bio-inspired Ice-controlling Materials for Cryopreservation of Cells and Tissues[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(6): 729-741.

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图/表 8

图1. 冷冻保存技术的研究进展

Figure 1. Research progress of cryopreservation

图2. 冷冻保存时细胞冻融过程中的损伤, 主要包括溶质效应(导致渗透失衡)和细胞内冰的形成(导致细胞内结构被破坏)

Figure 2. Cryoinjury of cells during freezing and thawing in the traditional cryopreservation, mainly including the solution effect (leading to osmotic shock) and intracellular ice formation (leading to breakdown of intracellular structures)

图3. (A)渗透型有机小分子冻存剂浓度与玻璃化转变温度的关系. (B)冷冻保存过程中, 二甲基亚砜等有毒试剂对基因组[79]、蛋白质[78]、细胞器[55]、细胞骨架[73]以及细胞间质[84]等的损伤作用

Figure 3. (A) Relationship between the concentration of strong hydration molecules and glass transition temperature of the system. (B) During cryopreservation, the damage effect of CPA to genomes[79], Copyright 2013, FASEB; proteins[78], Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society; organelles[55], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; cytoskeleton[73], Copyright 2014, Elsevier; and intercellular matrix [84], Copyright 2019, Public Library of Science, etc.

图4. 自然界中生活在寒冷地区的生物. (A)阿拉斯加树蛙[93]. (B)甲虫[129]. (C)极地鱼类[42]. (D)雪跳虫[99]

Figure 4. Representative creatures living in cold regions of nature. (A) Alaska wood frog (Rana sylvatica)[93](Photo by Janet Storey). (B) Beetle[129], Copyright 2016, National Academy of Sciences. (C) Polar fish[42] (Photo by Paul Dayton). (D) Snow fleas[99] (Photo by Peter L. Davies)

图5. AFPs控制冰晶生长的作用机理. (A)定向固定AFPs的冰结合面和非冰结合面, 选择性研究两个表面的亲冰、亲水性能[129]. (B) AFPs的亲冰的冰结合面和亲水的非冰结合面在冰水界面铺展, 实现高效控冰[131]

Figure 5. The mechanism of AFPs controlling the growth of ice crystal. (A) The ice-binding face (IBF) and non-ice-binding face (NIBF) of AFPs were fixed selectively for the investigation of the surface property[129]. Copyright 2016, National Academy of Sciences. (B) Schematic illustration of the fully spreading of AFPs at the ice/water interface to maximize the efficacy in controlling ice crystal growth[131]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.

图6. 利用氧化石墨烯纳米片探测临界冰核的尺寸[133]. (A)抗冻蛋白和冰晶核蛋白的结构示意图, 两种蛋白质具有与冰晶晶格相似的特征, 但尺寸差异明显. (B) a. GOs纳米片的示意图, 碳原子为灰色、氧原子为红色、氢原子为白色; b~f. 不同尺寸的GOs的TEM图片, 标尺均为20 nm, 插图对应于尺寸分布. (C) GO上冰核形成的能垒与经典成核理论计算得到的自由能势垒进行比较. 数据显示的突变发生在LΔT≈200 nm?K, 对应于临界冰核的尺寸. (D)利用氧化石墨烯纳米片探测临界冰核尺寸的原理图

Figure 6. Probing the critical nucleus size for ice formation with graphene oxide nanosheets[133]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. (A) Schematic representation of antifreeze protein and ice nucleation protein, both have similar lattice characteristics with that of ice crystal, but have obvious difference in size. (B) a, Illustration of GO nanosheets. Carbon, grey; oxygen, red; hydrogen, white. b~f, TEM images of various-sized GOs. All the scale bars are 20 nm. The insets in b~f are the corresponding size distributions of the GOs. (C) The free-energy barrier is compared with the one obtained from the CNT calculation with typical assumptions of GO characteristics. Data show the abrupt change in TIN in the free-energy barrier of ice nucleation on GO nanosheets at LΔT≈200 nm?K, which corresponding to the nucleation size on the water/substrate interface. (D) Mechanism diagram of critical ice nucleus detected by GO nanosheets

图7. 仿生二维氧化石墨烯(GOs)的独特控冰性能[54,146]. (A)高活性TmAFP, 其冰结合位点对应于甲基和羟基, 其中, C淡蓝色, H白色, O红色, 蛋白质主链为青色带. (B)仿生氧化石墨烯结构的俯视图和侧视图, 其中, C淡蓝色, H白色, O红色. (C) GOs能控制冰晶形貌, 具有热滞后区间. (D) GOs降低冰点, 产生热滞后(TH)的实验结果

Figure 7. The unique ice-control properties of biomimetic two-dimen- sional graphene oxide[54,146]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (A) Highly active TmAFP, its ice binding sites correspond to methyl and hydroxyl groups, of which C is light blue, H is white, O is red and the main chain of protein is cyan band. (B) The top and side views of the biomimetic graphene oxide structure, where C is light blue and H is white, O is red. (C) GOs modify the morphology of ice crystals and has a thermal hysteresis value. (D) GOs lower the freezing point and generate thermal hysteresis (TH)

图8. 仿生控冰材料用于生物细胞冷冻保存的最新进展. (A)蠕虫状嵌段共聚物PGMA-b-PHPMA的形貌. (B)通过溶血率判断冷冻/解冻后红细胞的活性, 其中聚合物5% (w/w), HES 20% (w/w), PVA 1 mg? mL–1[157]; (C) L-脯氨酸低聚物的结构式及FITC标记后显示的其在卵母细胞上的分布. (D)分别以VM(标准玻璃化溶液, 15% (V/V) DMSO, 15% (V/V) EG, 0.5 mol?L–1 sucrose, 20% (V/V) FBS)、Cm-P (7.5% (V/V) DMSO, 10% (V/V) EG, 230 mg?mL–1 L-Pro, 0.5 mol?L–1 sucrose, 20% (V/V) FBS)、Cm-P3(7.5% (V/V) DMSO, 10% (V/V) EG, 40 mg?mL–1 L-Pro3, 0.5 mol?L–1 sucrose, 20% (V/V) FBS)、Cm-P8(7.5% (V/V) DMSO, 10% (V/V) EG, 40 mg? mL–1 L-Pro8, 0.5 mol?L–1 sucrose, 20% (V/V) FBS)、Cm-P15(7.5% (V/V) DMSO, 10% (V/V) EG, 15 mg?mL–1 L-Pro15, 0.5 mol?L–1 sucrose, 20% (V/V) FBS)为CPA的小鼠卵母细胞CP存活率[55]. (E)氧化石墨烯(GOs)薄片通过氢键和晶格匹配吸附在冰晶面并产生曲率, 抑制冰晶生长. (F)不同种类冷冻保护剂对低温保存的马精子活性的影响[54]

Figure 8. Recent development of biomimetic ice-controlling materials for the cryopreservation of biological cells. (A) Structure of diblock copolymer worms. (B) RBC recovery post freeze/thaw as judged by haemolysis assay. Worms 5% (w/w), HES 20% (w/w), PVA 1 mg?mL–1[157]; Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (C) The structural formula of L-proline oligomers and its distribution after FITC labeling during oocytes cryopreservation. (D) Survival rates of mouse oocyte CP with VM, Cm-P, Cm-P3, Cm-P8, and Cm-P15, as the CPA respectively[55]; Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (E) GO nanosheets are adsorbed on the ice crystal surface due to the lattice matching through hydrogen bonds to produce curvatures on ice surface, inhibiting the growth of ice crystals. (F) The motility of cryopreserved horse sperm with different cryoprotectants[54]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

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仿生控冰材料用于细胞及组织的冷冻保存

Bio-inspired Ice-controlling Materials for Cryopreservation of Cells and Tissues

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