Research Progress and Practical Challenges of Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries

doi:10.6023/A20100492

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 79 ›› Issue (4): 388-405.DOI: 10.6023/A20100492 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

水系钠离子电池的研究进展及实用化挑战

马慧¹, 张桓荣¹, 薛面起¹^,^*()

1 中国科学院理化技术研究所北京 100190

投稿日期:2020-10-26 发布日期:2021-02-22
通讯作者: 薛面起

作者简介:

马慧, 中国科学院理化技术研究所博士研究生. 2019在山东大学获得硕士学位, 2019年至今于中国科学院理化技术研究所攻读高分子化学与物理博士学位, 主要研究方向为水系二次离子电池.

张桓荣, 中国科学院理化技术研究所硕士研究生. 2019年在河北大学获得学士学位, 2019年至今于中国科学院理化技术研究所攻读高分子化学与物理硕士学位, 主要研究方向为水系二次电池电解液.

薛面起, 中国科学院理化技术研究所研究员. 2012年于中国人民大学获得博士学位. 2012~2014年就职于北京大学新材料学院, 任特聘研究员. 2014~2018年在中国科学院物理研究所工作. 现任中国科学院理化技术研究所研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究领域为共轭高分子结晶和储能材料与器件.

基金资助:
中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA21010214); 国家自然科学基金(21875266); 国家自然科学基金(21622407); 北京分子科学国家研究中心资助(BNLMS201909)

Research Progress and Practical Challenges of Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries

Hui Ma¹, Huanrong Zhang¹, Mianqi Xue¹^,^*()

1 Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Received:2020-10-26 Published:2021-02-22
Contact: Mianqi Xue
About author:
* E-mail: xuemq@mail.ipc.ac.cn
Supported by:
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA21010214); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21875266); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21622407); Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS201909)

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries recently have been widely and deeply studied in the energy field due to their prominent advantages such as high safety, low cost and environmental friendliness. Remarkable progresses of aqueous sodium-ion batteries gradually encourage their process of industrialization. However, compared with the organic secondary ion batteries, the development of aqueous sodium-ion batteries is limited by the narrow stable voltage window of the electrolyte and the poor cycle stability of the electrode material. How to solve these problems is still the key to the development of aqueous sodium-ion batteries. The latest developments in electrode materials, electrolyte and current collector of aqueous sodium-ion batteries, as well as challenges and possible solutions for developing high-performance aqueous sodium-ion batteries are mainly summarized in this review. Furthermore, the development prospects of aqueous sodium-ion batteries are discussed.

Key words: aqueous sodium-ion battery, electrode material, electrolyte, energy density, cycling life

Cite this article

Hui Ma, Huanrong Zhang, Mianqi Xue. Research Progress and Practical Challenges of Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(4): 388-405.

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Type (Based cathode)	Cathode	Anode	Current collector	Electrolyte	AV. Voltage/V	Capacity/ (mAh•g^-1)	Retention/% (No. of cycles)	Ref.
Mn-based oxides	γ-MnO₂	Zn	—	7 M NaOH+ 1 M ZnSO₄	1.3	225 (250 A•cm^-2)	76 (25)	^[27]
	λ-MnO₂	AC	graphite sheet and stainless steel foil	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.2	—(3C)	100 (5000)	^[28]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NVP/C	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	117 (1C)	94.8 (200)	^[30]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NTP@C	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.0	42 (0.1 A•g^-1)	62 (1000)	^[31]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NTP	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.0	50 (7C)	50 (1600)	^[32]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	Na₂V₆O₁₆•nH₂O	nickel foam	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.9	62 (0.04 A•g^-1)	40 (30)	^[33]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NTP/C	nickel foam	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	50 (50C)	100 (75)	^[34]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	PNP@CNT	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	92 (5C)	89 (200)	^[35]
	Na_0.44MnO₂/CNT	Zn	carbon foil	1 M Na₂SO₄+0.5 M ZnSO₄	—	—	—	^[36]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	PPy-CNT	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	99.2 (0.1 A•g^-1)	94 (100)	^[37]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	TiP₂O₇	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	~0.8	40 (2.5 mA•g^-1)	—	^[38]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	FePO₄	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	70 (3C)	87 (300)	^[39]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	AC	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	45 (4C)	~100 (1000)	^[41]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.2	76 (2C)	88 (300)	^[43]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	NTP/C	titanium mesh	5 M NaClO₄	1.0	100 (2C)	33 (300)	^[44]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	Na_1.5Ti_1.5Fe_0.5(PO₄)₃/C	titanium mesh	5 M NaClO₄	1.0	109.5 (2C)	97.4 (300)	^[44]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	NTP	stainless steel grid	9.26 m NaCF₃SO₃	1.0	31 (0.2C)	70 (350)	^[45]
	Na_0.27MnO₂	Na_0.27MnO₂	carbon paper	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.1	88 (1 A•g^-1)	100 (5000)	^[50]
	Na_0.35MnO₂	PPy@MoO₃	nickel mesh	0.5 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	25 (0.55 A•g^-1)	79 (1000)	^[51]
	K_0.34MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	64 (0.2 A•g^-1)	84.1 (200)	^[52]
	K_0.15Na_0.26MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.0	65 (0.2 A•g^-1)	92 (200)	^[52]
	Na_0.58MnO₂·0.48H₂O	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.4	39 (10C)	94 (1000)	^[53]
	NaMnO₂	NTP	titanium mesh	2 M NaAc	1.15	37 (5C)	75 (500)	^[55]
	K_0.27MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	80 (0.2 A•g^-1)	83 (100)	^[56]
	K_0.27MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	80 (0.2 A•g^-1)	86 (100)	^[57]
	K_0.27MnO₂	AC	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.9	60 (0.2 A•g^-1)	75 (200)	^[58]
Prussian blue analogues	Na₂CuFe(CN)₆	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.4	86 (10C)	88 (1000)	^[20]
	Na₂CoFe(CN)₆	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	100 (5C)	100 (100)	^[60]
	Na₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂	NTP	titanium mesh	17 m NaClO₄	1.6	47 (10C)	100 (1000)	^[62]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	TiS₂	titanium sheet (cathode) and aluminum foil (anode)	15 M NaClO₄	1.75	38 (5C)	92 (1000)	^[64]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	KMn[Cr(CN)₆]	titanium mesh	17 m NaClO₄	>2	27 (30C)	78 (100)	^[65]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	NTP/C	aluminum foil	32 M Kac+ 8 M NaAc	0.82	50 (0.1 A•g^-1)	36 (100)	^[66]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	Zn	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄+1 M ZnSO₄+SDS	1.0	≈130 (5C)	75 (2000)	^[67]
Type (Based cathode)	Cathode	Anode	Current collector	Electrolyte	AV. Voltage/V	Capacity/ (mAh•g^-1)	Retention/% (No. of cycles)	Ref.
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	Na₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃	—	17 m NaClO₄	0.9	59 (5C)	75 (700)	^[68]
	Na_1.88Mn[Fe(CN)₆]_0.971.35 H₂O	NaTiOPO₄	—	9 m NaOTF+ 22 m TEAOTF	1.74	40 (0.25C)	90 (200)	^[69]
	NaFeHCN	AC	carbon paper	2 M NaNO₃+ 60 wt% maltose	0.8	74.4 (2 A•g^-1)	87 (2000)	^[70]
	Na₂NiFe(CN)₆	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.27	79 (5C)	88 (250)	^[72]
	Na_1.45Ni[Fe(CN)₆]_0.87· 3.02 H₂O	NTP@C	stainless steel mesh	5 M NaClO₄	1.4	61.4 (0.1 A•g^-1)	83 (600)	^[73]
	Na_1.90Cu_0.95[Fe(CN)₆] 1.9 H₂O	Na_1.32Fe- [Fe(CN)₆]_0.87 2.0 H₂O	graphite sheet	saturated NaNO₃ solution	0.7	50 (5C)	86 (250)	^[74]
	K₂Zn₃(Fe(CN)₆)₂ 9 H₂O	NTP	carbon cloth	NaClO₄-PVA gel	1.6	0.56 mAh• cm^-2 (10 A•cm^-2)	90.2 (300)	^[59]
	Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂	NTP/C	titanium mesh	NaClO₄-H₂O-PEG	1.6	69 (2C)	>91 (100)	^[78]
	CuHCFe	MnHCMn	carbon cloth	10 M NaClO₄+Mn(ClO₄)₂ solution	0.95	23 (10C)	100 (1000)	^[81]
	K_0.8V_1.8O_xFe(CN)₆	WO₃	titanium mesh	NaClO₄-H₂O-PEG	—	67 (1 A•g^-1)	90.3 (2000)	^[82]
	InFe(CN)₆	NTP-CNT	—	Na₂SO₄-CMC gel	1.55	38 mAh•cm^-2 (0.3 A•cm^-2)	91 (300)	^[83]
Polyanionic compounds	NVP	NTP	nickel foam	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.2	58 (10 A•g^-1)	50 (50)	^[86]
	NaFePO₄/AlF₃	AC	stainless-steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	—	95.6 (1 C)	58.4 (50)	^[91]
	NaFePO₄	AC	stainless-steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	—	101.7 (1 C)	39.6 (50)	^[91]
	Na₂FeP₂O₇	NTP	nickel mesh	2 M Na₂SO₄	—	45 (2 mA•cm^-2)	82 (30)	^[94]
	Na₂FeP₂O₇	NTP	nickel mesh	4 M NaClO₄	—	45 (2 mA•cm^-2)	93 (30)	^[94]
	Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇)	NTP	stainless steel mesh	17 m NaClO₄	2	44 (1C)	75 (200)	^[95]
	Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃-CNT	NTP-CNT	carbon paper (cathode) and titanium foil (anode)	17 m NaClO₄	1.7	75 (0.5C)	74 (20)	^[97]
	Na₃(VOPO₄)₂F	NTP	titanium mesh (cathode) and stainless steel mesh (anode)	35 m NaFSI	1.4	72 (1C)	83 (500)	^[98]
	Na₃V₂O₂_x(PO₄)₂F_3-2_x- CNT	NTP/C	carbon paper	10 M NaClO₄+ 2 vol% VC	1.45	39 (10C)	85 (200)	^[100]
	Na₂FePO₄F	NTP	titanium mesh	17 m NaClO₄	0.7	85 (1 mA•cm^-2)	64 (100)	^[101]
	Na₃MnPO₄CO₃	NTP	titanium mesh	5 M NaNO₃	0.8	68 (0.2 C)	96 (50)	^[109]
	NaVPO₄F	polyimide	stainless steel mesh	5 M NaNO₃	0.9	40 (0.05 A•g^-1)	75 (20)	^[117]
	NVP	PPTO	Pb (cathode) titanium mesh (anode)	5 M NaNO₃	1.0	201 (1C)	79 (80)	^[119]
	NVP/C	alloxazine/CMK-3	stainless steel mesh	NaCF₃SO₃-PAM gel	1.03	160 (2C)	90 (100)	^[120]
Other	NaNi_0.4Co_0.6O₂	AC	stainless steel mesh	0.5 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	105 (0.8 A•g^-1)	95 (500)	^[103]
Other	PPy	alizarin	carbon cloth	NaClO₄-PVA gel	1.0	152 (1.0 A•g^-1)	—	^[106]

Type (Based cathode)	Cathode	Anode	Current collector	Electrolyte	AV. Voltage/V	Capacity/ (mAh•g^-1)	Retention/% (No. of cycles)	Ref.
Mn-based oxides	γ-MnO₂	Zn	—	7 M NaOH+ 1 M ZnSO₄	1.3	225 (250 A•cm^-2)	76 (25)	^[27]
	λ-MnO₂	AC	graphite sheet and stainless steel foil	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.2	—(3C)	100 (5000)	^[28]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NVP/C	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	117 (1C)	94.8 (200)	^[30]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NTP@C	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.0	42 (0.1 A•g^-1)	62 (1000)	^[31]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NTP	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.0	50 (7C)	50 (1600)	^[32]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	Na₂V₆O₁₆•nH₂O	nickel foam	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.9	62 (0.04 A•g^-1)	40 (30)	^[33]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	NTP/C	nickel foam	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	50 (50C)	100 (75)	^[34]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	PNP@CNT	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	92 (5C)	89 (200)	^[35]
	Na_0.44MnO₂/CNT	Zn	carbon foil	1 M Na₂SO₄+0.5 M ZnSO₄	—	—	—	^[36]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	PPy-CNT	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	99.2 (0.1 A•g^-1)	94 (100)	^[37]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	TiP₂O₇	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	~0.8	40 (2.5 mA•g^-1)	—	^[38]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	FePO₄	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	70 (3C)	87 (300)	^[39]
	Na_0.44MnO₂	AC	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	45 (4C)	~100 (1000)	^[41]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.2	76 (2C)	88 (300)	^[43]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	NTP/C	titanium mesh	5 M NaClO₄	1.0	100 (2C)	33 (300)	^[44]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	Na_1.5Ti_1.5Fe_0.5(PO₄)₃/C	titanium mesh	5 M NaClO₄	1.0	109.5 (2C)	97.4 (300)	^[44]
	Na_0.66[Mn_0.66Ti_0.34]O₂	NTP	stainless steel grid	9.26 m NaCF₃SO₃	1.0	31 (0.2C)	70 (350)	^[45]
	Na_0.27MnO₂	Na_0.27MnO₂	carbon paper	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.1	88 (1 A•g^-1)	100 (5000)	^[50]
	Na_0.35MnO₂	PPy@MoO₃	nickel mesh	0.5 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	25 (0.55 A•g^-1)	79 (1000)	^[51]
	K_0.34MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	64 (0.2 A•g^-1)	84.1 (200)	^[52]
	K_0.15Na_0.26MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.0	65 (0.2 A•g^-1)	92 (200)	^[52]
	Na_0.58MnO₂·0.48H₂O	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.4	39 (10C)	94 (1000)	^[53]
	NaMnO₂	NTP	titanium mesh	2 M NaAc	1.15	37 (5C)	75 (500)	^[55]
	K_0.27MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	80 (0.2 A•g^-1)	83 (100)	^[56]
	K_0.27MnO₂	NTP	stainless steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	80 (0.2 A•g^-1)	86 (100)	^[57]
	K_0.27MnO₂	AC	—	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.9	60 (0.2 A•g^-1)	75 (200)	^[58]
Prussian blue analogues	Na₂CuFe(CN)₆	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.4	86 (10C)	88 (1000)	^[20]
	Na₂CoFe(CN)₆	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	0.8	100 (5C)	100 (100)	^[60]
	Na₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂	NTP	titanium mesh	17 m NaClO₄	1.6	47 (10C)	100 (1000)	^[62]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	TiS₂	titanium sheet (cathode) and aluminum foil (anode)	15 M NaClO₄	1.75	38 (5C)	92 (1000)	^[64]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	KMn[Cr(CN)₆]	titanium mesh	17 m NaClO₄	>2	27 (30C)	78 (100)	^[65]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	NTP/C	aluminum foil	32 M Kac+ 8 M NaAc	0.82	50 (0.1 A•g^-1)	36 (100)	^[66]
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	Zn	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄+1 M ZnSO₄+SDS	1.0	≈130 (5C)	75 (2000)	^[67]
Type (Based cathode)	Cathode	Anode	Current collector	Electrolyte	AV. Voltage/V	Capacity/ (mAh•g^-1)	Retention/% (No. of cycles)	Ref.
	Na₂Mn[Fe(CN)₆]	Na₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃	—	17 m NaClO₄	0.9	59 (5C)	75 (700)	^[68]
	Na_1.88Mn[Fe(CN)₆]_0.971.35 H₂O	NaTiOPO₄	—	9 m NaOTF+ 22 m TEAOTF	1.74	40 (0.25C)	90 (200)	^[69]
	NaFeHCN	AC	carbon paper	2 M NaNO₃+ 60 wt% maltose	0.8	74.4 (2 A•g^-1)	87 (2000)	^[70]
	Na₂NiFe(CN)₆	NTP	titanium mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.27	79 (5C)	88 (250)	^[72]
	Na_1.45Ni[Fe(CN)₆]_0.87· 3.02 H₂O	NTP@C	stainless steel mesh	5 M NaClO₄	1.4	61.4 (0.1 A•g^-1)	83 (600)	^[73]
	Na_1.90Cu_0.95[Fe(CN)₆] 1.9 H₂O	Na_1.32Fe- [Fe(CN)₆]_0.87 2.0 H₂O	graphite sheet	saturated NaNO₃ solution	0.7	50 (5C)	86 (250)	^[74]
	K₂Zn₃(Fe(CN)₆)₂ 9 H₂O	NTP	carbon cloth	NaClO₄-PVA gel	1.6	0.56 mAh• cm^-2 (10 A•cm^-2)	90.2 (300)	^[59]
	Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂	NTP/C	titanium mesh	NaClO₄-H₂O-PEG	1.6	69 (2C)	>91 (100)	^[78]
	CuHCFe	MnHCMn	carbon cloth	10 M NaClO₄+Mn(ClO₄)₂ solution	0.95	23 (10C)	100 (1000)	^[81]
	K_0.8V_1.8O_xFe(CN)₆	WO₃	titanium mesh	NaClO₄-H₂O-PEG	—	67 (1 A•g^-1)	90.3 (2000)	^[82]
	InFe(CN)₆	NTP-CNT	—	Na₂SO₄-CMC gel	1.55	38 mAh•cm^-2 (0.3 A•cm^-2)	91 (300)	^[83]
Polyanionic compounds	NVP	NTP	nickel foam	1 M Na₂SO₄	1.2	58 (10 A•g^-1)	50 (50)	^[86]
	NaFePO₄/AlF₃	AC	stainless-steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	—	95.6 (1 C)	58.4 (50)	^[91]
	NaFePO₄	AC	stainless-steel mesh	1 M Na₂SO₄	—	101.7 (1 C)	39.6 (50)	^[91]
	Na₂FeP₂O₇	NTP	nickel mesh	2 M Na₂SO₄	—	45 (2 mA•cm^-2)	82 (30)	^[94]
	Na₂FeP₂O₇	NTP	nickel mesh	4 M NaClO₄	—	45 (2 mA•cm^-2)	93 (30)	^[94]
	Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇)	NTP	stainless steel mesh	17 m NaClO₄	2	44 (1C)	75 (200)	^[95]
	Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃-CNT	NTP-CNT	carbon paper (cathode) and titanium foil (anode)	17 m NaClO₄	1.7	75 (0.5C)	74 (20)	^[97]
	Na₃(VOPO₄)₂F	NTP	titanium mesh (cathode) and stainless steel mesh (anode)	35 m NaFSI	1.4	72 (1C)	83 (500)	^[98]
	Na₃V₂O₂_x(PO₄)₂F_3-2_x- CNT	NTP/C	carbon paper	10 M NaClO₄+ 2 vol% VC	1.45	39 (10C)	85 (200)	^[100]
	Na₂FePO₄F	NTP	titanium mesh	17 m NaClO₄	0.7	85 (1 mA•cm^-2)	64 (100)	^[101]
	Na₃MnPO₄CO₃	NTP	titanium mesh	5 M NaNO₃	0.8	68 (0.2 C)	96 (50)	^[109]
	NaVPO₄F	polyimide	stainless steel mesh	5 M NaNO₃	0.9	40 (0.05 A•g^-1)	75 (20)	^[117]
	NVP	PPTO	Pb (cathode) titanium mesh (anode)	5 M NaNO₃	1.0	201 (1C)	79 (80)	^[119]
	NVP/C	alloxazine/CMK-3	stainless steel mesh	NaCF₃SO₃-PAM gel	1.03	160 (2C)	90 (100)	^[120]
Other	NaNi_0.4Co_0.6O₂	AC	stainless steel mesh	0.5 M Na₂SO₄	0.7	105 (0.8 A•g^-1)	95 (500)	^[103]
Other	PPy	alizarin	carbon cloth	NaClO₄-PVA gel	1.0	152 (1.0 A•g^-1)	—	^[106]

水系钠离子电池的研究进展及实用化挑战

Research Progress and Practical Challenges of Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries

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