圆偏振热活化延迟荧光材料及其器件的研究进展

doi:10.6023/cjoc202208023

摘要/Abstract

圆偏振热活化延迟荧光材料具有分子结构易修饰、激子利用率高及圆偏振发光等特点, 在光学信息存储、3D显示、发光器件和数据加密等领域具有广阔应用前景. 利用此类材料作为发光层制备的圆偏振有机发光二极管, 能够同时实现高发光不对称因子和理论上达100%的激子利用率, 对发展低功耗和高性能有机发光二极管至关重要. 近年来, 通过不断的分子结构设计与优化, 该类材料在有机发光二极管中的电致发光效率不断提高, 但是仍然存在不对称因子低及效率滚降严重等问题. 基于此, 整理了目前已报道的圆偏振热活化延迟荧光化合物, 重点讨论了其分子结构设计与光物理性质、圆偏振特性以及电致发光性能的关系规律, 并对高性能圆偏振热活化延迟荧光材料的制备及其在有机发光二极管中的应用进行了展望.

关键词: 手性有机发光材料, 圆偏振光, 热活化延迟荧光, 有机发光二极管

Circularly polarized thermally activated delayed fluorescence (CP-TADF) materials have the characteristics of easily modified molecular structure, high exciton utilization and circularly polarized luminescence, which are the promising luminescent materials for the application of optical information storage, 3D displays, light-emitting devices and data encryption. The circular-polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLED) prepared by using such materials as emitting layers can simultaneously achieve high luminescence dissymmetry factor and theoretical 100% exciton utilization, which is crucial for the development of low-power and high-performance OLED. Recently, through the design and optimization of molecular structure, electroluminescence efficiency of CP-TADF materials were improved, but the problems of low luminescence dissymmetry factor and serious efficiency roll-off still existed. On this basis, the reported CP-TADF materials is reviewed and the relationship between the design strategies of molecular structure and the characters of excellent photophysical properties, circular polarization properties and electroluminescent properties is summaried. Furthermore, the preparation of high-perfor- mance of CP-TADF materials and their applications in OLEDs are prospected.

Key words: chiral organic luminescent material, circularly polarized light, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, organic light-emitting diode

引用此文

杨晓东, 郑小康, 董海亮, 孙静, 王华. 圆偏振热活化延迟荧光材料及其器件的研究进展[J]. 有机化学, 2023, 43(4): 1292-1309.

Xiaodong Yang, Xiaokang Zheng, Hailiang Dong, Jing Sun, Hua Wang. Research Progress of Circularly Polarized Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials and Devices[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2023, 43(4): 1292-1309.

导出引用 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

分享此文

图/表 6

参考文献 96

[1]	Zhang, D. W.; Li, M.; Chen, C. F. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 1331. doi: 10.1039/C9CS00680J
[2]	Brandt, J. R.; Salerno, F.; Fuchter, M. J. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2017, 1, 0045. doi: 10.1038/s41570-017-0045
[3]	Jeong, S. M.; Ohtsuka, Y.; Ha, N. Y.; Takanishi, Y.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 211106. doi: 10.1063/1.2741603
[4]	Tang, C. W.; Vanslyke, S. A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51, 913. doi: 10.1063/1.98799
[5]	Tao, P.; Zheng, X. K.; Wei, X. Z.; Lau, M. T.; Lee, Y. K.; Li, Z. K.; Guo, Z. L.; Zhao, F. Q.; Liu, X.; Liu, S. J.; Zhao, Q.; Miao, Y. Q.; Wong, W. Y. Mater. Today Energy, 2021, 21, 100773.
[6]	Cui, J. F.; Sun, J.; Wang, G. L.; Wang, Z. H.; Yang, X. D.; Xu, H. X.; Miao, Y. Q.; Wang, L.; Yu, J. S.; Wang, H. Chin. J. Lumin. 2022, 43, 1102. (in Chinese)
	(崔江峰, 孙静, 王国良, 王智恒, 杨晓东, 许慧侠, 苗艳勤, 王龙, 于军胜, 王华, 发光学报, 2022, 43, 1102.)
[7]	Yang, H. Y.; Zhang, M.; Zhao, J. W.; Pu, C. P.; Lin, H.; Tao, S. L.; Zheng, C. J.; Zhang, X. H. Chin. J. Chem. 2022, 40, 911. doi: 10.1002/cjoc.v40.8
[8]	Tao, P.; Li, W. L.; Zhang, J.; Guo, S.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, H.; Wei, B.; Liu, S. J.; Zhou, X. H.; Yu, Q.; Xu, B. S.; Huang, W. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 881. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v26.6
[9]	Ma, D. G. Chin. J. Liq. Cryst. Disp. 2016, 31, 229. (in Chinese)
	(马东阁, 液晶与显示, 2016, 31, 229.)
[10]	Li, J. J.; Nie, X. M.; Zhen, W.; Du, Y. G. Chin. J. Liq. Cryst. Disp. 2018, 33, 74. (in Chinese)
	(李继军, 聂晓梦, 甄威, 杜云刚, 液晶与显示, 2018, 33, 74.)
[11]	Peeters, E.; Christiaans, M. P. T.; Jassen, R. A. J.; Schoo, H. F. M.; Dekkers, H. P. J. M.; Meijer, E. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9909. doi: 10.1021/ja971912c
[12]	Nuzzo, D. D.; Kulkarni, C.; Zhao, B. D.; Smolinsky, E.; Tassinari, F.; Meskers, S. C. J.; Naaman, R.; Meijer, E. W.; Friend, R. H. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 12713. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07390
[13]	Yang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X. Y.; Li, N. Q.; Quan, Y. W.; Cheng, Y. X. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 9663. doi: 10.1039/C8CC05153D
[14]	Zinna, F.; Pasini, M.; Galeotti, F.; Botta, C.; Bari, L. D.; Givoanella, U. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1603719. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v27.1
[15]	Yan, Z. P.; Liao, K.; Han, H. B.; Su, J.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 8215. doi: 10.1039/C9CC03915E
[16]	Tao, P.; Lu, X. Q.; Zhou, G. J.; Wong, W. Y. Acc. Mater. Res. 2022, 3, 830. doi: 10.1021/accountsmr.2c00078
[17]	Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X. Y.; Zhang, H. P.; Xiao, Y. P.; Quan, Y. W.; Ye, S. H.; Cheng, Y. X. J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 24746. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b07414
[18]	Chen, Y. K.; Jayakumar, J.; Hsieh, C. M.; Wu, T. L.; Liao, C. C.; Pandidurai, J.; Ko, C. L.; Hung, W. Y.; Cheng, C. H. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2008032. doi: 10.1002/adma.v33.35
[19]	Jeon, S. O.; Lee, K. H.; Kim, J. S.; Ihn, S. G.; Chung, Y. S.; Kim, J. W.; Lee, H.; Kim, S.; Choi, H.; Lee, J. Y. Nat. Photonics 2021, 15, 208. doi: 10.1038/s41566-021-00763-5
[20]	Jiang, P. C.; Miao, J. S.; Cao, X. S.; Xia, H.; Pan, K.; Hua, T.; Lv, X. L.; Huang, Z. Y.; Zou, Y.; Yang, C. L. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2106954. doi: 10.1002/adma.v34.3
[21]	Hong, X. C.; Zhang, D. D.; Yin, C.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Y. W.; Huang, T. Y.; Wei, J. B.; Zeng, X.; Meng, G. Y.; Wang, X.; Li, G. M.; Yang, D. Z.; Ma, D. G.; Duan, L. Chem 2022, 8, 1705. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.02.017
[22]	Frédéric, L.; Desmarchelier, A.; Favereau, L.; Pieters, G. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2010281. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v31.20
[23]	Li, M.; Chen, C. F. Org. Chem. Front. 2022, 9, 6441. doi: 10.1039/D2QO01383E
[24]	Zhao, W. L.; Li, M.; Lu, H. Y.; Chen, C. F. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 13793. doi: 10.1039/C9CC06861A
[25]	Sang, Y. T.; Han, J. L.; Zhao, T. H.; Duan, P. F.; Liu, M. H. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1900110. doi: 10.1002/adma.v32.41
[26]	Mizutani, T.; Yagi, S.; Morinaga, T.; Nomura, T.; Takagishi, T.; Kitagawa, S.; Ogoshi, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 754. doi: 10.1021/ja9830849
[27]	Gautier, R.; Klingsporn, J. M.; Van, D. R. P.; Poeppelmeier, K. R. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 591. doi: 10.1038/nmat4628 pmid: 27088235
[28]	Imagawa, T.; Hirata, S.; Toanti, K.; Watanabe, T.; Vacha, M. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 13268. doi: 10.1039/C5CC04105H
[29]	Li, M.; Li, S. H.; Zhang, D. D.; Cai, M. H.; Duan, L.; Fung, M. K.; Chen, C. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 2889. doi: 10.1002/anie.201800198
[30]	Wang, Y. F.; Lu, H. Y.; Chen, C.; Li, M.; Chen, C. F. Org. Electron. 2019, 70, 71. doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2019.03.020
[31]	Yang, S. Y.; Wang, Y. K.; Peng, C. C.; Wu, Z. G.; Yuan, S.; Yu, Y. J.; Li, H.; Wang, T. T.; Li, H. C.; Zheng, Y. X.; Jiang, Z. Q.; Liao, L. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17756. doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c08980
[32]	Zhang, Y. P.; Liang, X.; Luo, X. F.; Song, S. Q.; Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Mao, Z. P.; Xu, W. Y.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L.; Pan, Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 8435. doi: 10.1002/anie.v60.15
[33]	Cai, Z. Y.; Wu, X.; Liu, H.; Guo, J. J.; Yang, D. Z.; Ma, D. G.; Zhao, Z. J.; Tang, B. Z. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 23635. doi: 10.1002/anie.v60.44
[34]	Chen, J. X.; Xiao, Y. F.; Wang, K.; Sun, D. M.; Fan, X. C.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, M.; Shi, Y. Z.; Yu, J.; Geng, F. X.; Lee, C. S.; Zhang, X. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 2478. doi: 10.1002/anie.v60.5
[35]	NI, F.; Huang, C. W.; Tang, Y. K.; Chen, Z. X.; Wu, Y. X.; Xia, S. P.; Cao, X. S.; Hsu, J. H.; Lee, W. K.; Zheng, K. L.; Huang, Z. Y.; Wu, C. C.; Yang, C. L. Mater. Horiz. 2021, 8, 547. doi: 10.1039/D0MH01521K
[36]	Huang, Z. Y.; Huang, C. W.; Tang, Y. K.; Xiao, Z. Q.; Li, N. Q.; Hua, T.; Cao, X. S.; Zhou, C. J.; Wu, C. C.; Yang, C. L. Dyes Pigm. 2022, 197, 109860. doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2021.109860
[37]	Jiang, T. C.; Liu, Y. C.; Ren, Z. J.; Yan, S. K. Polym. Chem. 2020, 11, 1555. doi: 10.1039/D0PY00096E
[38]	Wang, Y. F.; Li, M.; Teng, J. M.; Zhou, H. Y.; Chen, C. F. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2106418. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v31.49
[39]	Kothavale, S. S.; Lee, J. Y. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2020, 8, 2000922. doi: 10.1002/adom.v8.22
[40]	Ma, P.; Han, C. M.; Xu, H. J. Eng. Heilongjiang Univ. 2021, 12, 63. (in Chinese)
	(马鹏, 韩春苗, 许辉, 黑龙江大学工程学报, 2021, 12, 63.)
[41]	Yang, Y. Y.; Li, N. Q.; Miao, J. S.; Cao, X. S.; Ying, A.; Pan, K.; Lv, X. L.; Ni, F.; Huang, Z. Y.; Gong, S. L.; Yang, C. L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202202227.
[42]	Wencel, D. J.; Panossian, A.; Leroux, F. R.; Colobert, F. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 3418. doi: 10.1039/c5cs00012b pmid: 25904287
[43]	Wang, Y. B.; Tan, B. Acc. Chem. Res. 2018, 51, 534. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00602
[44]	Pu, L. Acc. Mater. Res. 2014, 47, 1523.
[45]	Pereira, M. M.; Calvete, M. J.; Carrilho, R. M.; Abreu, A. R. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 6990. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60116a
[46]	Zhu, S. F.; Zhou, Q. L. Acc. Chem. Res., 2012, 45, 1365. doi: 10.1021/ar300051u
[47]	Wang, Y. X.; Li, Y. Z.; Liu, S.; Li, F.; Zhu, C. J.; Li, S. H.; Cheng, Y. X. Macromolecules 2016, 49, 5444. doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00883
[48]	Jones, B. A.; Balan, T.; Jolliffe, J. D.; Campbell, C. D.; Smith, M. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 4596. doi: 10.1002/anie.v58.14
[49]	Feuillastre, S.; Pauton, M.; Gao, L. H.; Desmarchelier, A.; Riives, A. J.; Prim, D.; Tondelier, D.; Geffroy, B.; Muller, G.; Clavier, G.; Pieters, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 3990. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b00850 pmid: 26967372
[50]	Song, F. Y.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, Q. S.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, H. K.; Zhao, W. J.; Qiu, Z. J.; Qi, C. X.; Zhang, H.; Sung, H. H. Y.; Williams, L. D.; Lam, J. W. Y.; Zhao, Z. J.; Qin, A. J.; Ma D. G., Tang, B. Z. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1800051. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v28.17
[51]	Sun, S. B.; Wang, J.; Chen, L. F.; Jin, J. B.; Chen, C. L.; Chen, S. F.; Xie, G. H.; Zheng, C.; Huang, Wei. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 14511. doi: 10.1039/C9TC04941J
[52]	Wang, Y. X.; Zhang, Y.; Hu, W. R.; Quan, Y. W.; Li, Y. Z.; Cheng, Y. X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 26165. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b07005
[53]	Xue, P. R.; Wang, X.; Wang, W. J.; Zhang, J. Y.; Wang, Z. J.; Jin, J. B.; Zheng, C.; Li, P.; Xie, G. H.; Chen, R. F. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 47826. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c13564
[54]	Frédéric, L.; Desmarchelier, A.; Plais, R.; Lavnevich, L.; Muller, G.; Villafuerte, C.; Clavier, G.; Quesnel, E.; Racine, B.; Gatta, S. M. D.; Dognon, J. P.; Thuéry, P.; Crassous, J.; Favereau, L.; Pieters, G. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2004838. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v30.43
[55]	Xu, B. J.; Song, Z. C.; Zhang, M. M.; Zhang, Q. Q.; Jiang, L.; Xu, C.; Zhong, L. J.; Su, C. L.; Ban, Q. Q.; Liu, C.; Sun, F. Q.; Zhang, Y.; Chi, Z. G.; Zhao, Z. J.; Shi, G. Chem. Sci. 2021, 12, 15556. doi: 10.1039/D1SC04738H
[56]	Zhou, L.; Ni, F.; Li, N.; Wang, K.; Xie, G. H.; Yang, C. L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202203844.
[57]	Yan, Z. P.; Liu, T. T.; Wu, R. X.; Liang, X.; Li, Z. Q.; Zhou, L.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2103875. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v31.38
[58]	Liang, Z. P.; Tang, R.; Qiu, Y. C.; Wang, Y.; Lu, H. B.; Wu, Z. G. Acta Chim. Sinica 2021, 79, 1401. (in Chinese) doi: 10.6023/A21070355
	(梁志鹏, 唐瑞, 邱雨晨, 王阳, 陆洪彬, 吴正光, 化学学报, 2021, 79, 1401.) doi: 10.6023/A21070355
[59]	Wu, Z. G.; Han, H. B.; Yan, Z. P.; Luo, X. F.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L.; Pan, Y. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900524. doi: 10.1002/adma.v31.28
[60]	Wu, Z. G.; Yan, Z. P.; Luo, X. F.; Yuan, L.; Liang, W. Q.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L.; Pan, Y. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 7045. doi: 10.1039/c9tc01632e
[61]	Xie, G. Z.; LI, X. L.; Chen, D. J.; Wang, Z, H.; Cai, X. Y.; Chen, D. C.; Li, Y. C.; Liu, K. K.; Cao, Y.; Su, S. J. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 181. doi: 10.1002/adma.201503225
[62]	Wang, K.; Liu, W.; Zheng, C. J.; Shi, Y. Z.; Liang, K.; Zhang, M.; Ou, X. M.; Zhang, X. H. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 4797. doi: 10.1039/C7TC00681K
[63]	Li, X.; Wang, K.; Shi, Y. Z.; Zhang, M.; Dai, G. L.; Liu, W.; Zheng, C. J.; Ou, X. M.; Zhang, X. H. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 9152. doi: 10.1039/C8TC02179A
[64]	Liu, T. T.; Yan, Z. P.; Hu, J. J.; Yuan, L.; Luo, X. F.; Tu, Z. L.; Zheng, Y. X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 56413. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c16223
[65]	Xie, F. M.; Zhou, J. X.; Zeng, X. Y.; An, Z. D.; Li, Y. Q.; Han, D. X.; Duan, P. F.; Wu, Z. G.; Zheng, Y. X.; Tang, J. X. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2021, 9, 2100017. doi: 10.1002/adom.v9.9
[66]	Waang, Z. W.; Liu, L. Y.; Chen, R. F.; Zheng, C.; Su, H. Q.; Huang, W. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2013, 58, 2690. doi: 10.1360/972013-39
[67]	Hendsbee, A. D.; Mcafee, S. M.; Sun, J. P.; Mccormick, T. M.; Hill, L. G.; Welch, G. C. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 8904. doi: 10.1039/C5TC01877C
[68]	Li, M.; Liu, Y. W.; Duan, R. H.; Wei, X. F.; Yi, Y. P.; Wang, Y.; Chen, C. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 8818. doi: 10.1002/anie.v56.30
[69]	Liu, X.; Wang, Y. F.; Li, M.; Zhu, Y. H.; Chen, C. F. Org. Electron. 2021, 88, 106017. doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2020.106017
[70]	Zhang, X.; Liu, X.; Taddei, M.; Bussotti, L.; Kurganskii, I.; Li, M. J.; Jiang, X.; Xing, L. J.; Li, S. M.; Huo, Y. P.; Zhao, J. Z.; Donato, M. D.; Wan, Y.; Zhao, Z. J.; Fedin, M. V. Chem.-Eur. J. 2022, 28, e202200510.
[71]	Tavakoli, M.; Ahmadvand, H.; Alaei, M.; Ranjbari, M. A. Spectro- chim. Acta, Part A 2021, 246, 118952.
[72]	Wang, Y. F.; Liu, X.; Zhu, Y. Z.; Li, M.; Chen, C. F. J. Mater. Chem. C 2022, 10, 4805. doi: 10.1039/D1TC04893G
[73]	Xu, Y. C.; Wang, Q. Y.; Cai, X. L.; Li, C. L.; Wang, Y. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2100652. doi: 10.1002/adma.v33.21
[74]	David, A. H. G.; Casares, R.; Cuerva, J. M.; Campana, A. G.; Blanco, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 18064. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b07143
[75]	Qiao, W. G.; Xiong, J. B.; Yuan, Y. X.; Zhang, H. C.; Yang, D.; Liu, M. H.; Zheng, Y. S. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 3427. doi: 10.1039/C7TC05759H
[76]	Zhao, W. L.; Wang, Y. F.; Wan, S. P.; Lu, H. Y.; Li, M.; Chen, C. F. CCS Chem. 2022, 4, 3540. doi: 10.31635/ccschem.021.202101509
[77]	Li, M.; Wang, Y. F.; Zhang, D. D.; Duan, L.; Chen, C. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 3500. doi: 10.1002/anie.v59.9
[78]	Wang, Y. F.; Li, M.; Zhao, W. L.; Shen, Y. F.; Lu, H. Y.; Chen, C. F. Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 9380.
[79]	Tu, Z. L.; Yan, Z. P.; Liang, X.; Chen, L.; Wu, Z. G.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L.; Pan, Y. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2000804. doi: 10.1002/advs.v7.15
[80]	Tu, Z. L.; Lu J. J.; Luo,. X, F.; Hu, J. J.; Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L.; Pan, Y. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2021, 9, 2100596. doi: 10.1002/adom.v9.20
[81]	Tani, K.; Imafuku, R.; Miyanaga, K.; Masaki, M. E.; Kato, H.; Hori, K.; Kubono, K.; Taneda, M.; Harada, T.; Goto, K.; Tani, F.; Mori, T. J. Phys. Chem. A 2020, 124, 2057. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00286
[82]	Poulard, L.; Kasemthaveechok, S.; Coehlo, M.; Kumar, R. A.; Frédéric, L.; Sumsalee, P.; d’Anfray, P.; Wu, S.; Wang, J. X.; Matulaitis, T.; Crassous, J.; Zysman-Colman, E.; Favereau, L.; Pieters, G. Chem. Commun. 2022, 58, 6554. doi: 10.1039/D2CC00998F
[83]	Hassan, Z.; Spulnig, E.; Knoll, D. M.; Lahann, J.; Brase, S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 6947. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00803a pmid: 30065985
[84]	Sharma, N.; Spuling, E.; Mattern, C. M.; Li, W. B.; Fuhr, O.; Tsuchiya, Y.; Adachi, C.; Brase, S.; Samuel, I. D. W.; Colman, E. Z. Chem. Sci. 2019, 10, 6689. doi: 10.1039/c9sc01821b pmid: 31367323
[85]	Liao, C.; Zhang, Y.; Ye, S. H.; Zheng, W. H. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 25186. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c04779
[86]	Zhang, D. W.; Teng, J. M.; Wang, Y. F.; Han, X. N.; Li, M.; Chen, C. F. Mater. Horiz. 2021, 8, 3417. doi: 10.1039/D1MH01404H
[87]	Mori, T. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 2373. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01017
[88]	Wu, X. G.; Huang, J. W.; Su, B. K.; Wang, S.; Yuan, L.; Zheng, W. Q.; Zhang, H.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zuo, J. L.; Chou, P. T. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2105080. doi: 10.1002/adma.v34.1
[89]	Li, J. K.; Chen, X. Y.; Guo, Y. L.; Wang, X. C.; Sue, A. C. H.; Cao, X. Y.; Wang, X. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 17958. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c09058
[90]	Yang, S. Y.; Zou, S. N.; Kong, F. C.; Liao, X. J.; Qu, Y. K.; Feng, Z. Q.; Zheng, Y. X.; Jiang, Z. Q.; Liao, L. S. Chem. Commun. 2021, 57, 11041. doi: 10.1039/D1CC04405B
[91]	Yang, S. Y.; Tian, Q. S.; Liao, X. J.; Wu, Z. G.; Shen, W. S.; Yu, Y. J.; Feng, Z. Q.; Zheng, Y. X.; Jiang, Z. Q.; Liao, L. S. J. Mater. Chem. C 2022, 10, 4393. doi: 10.1039/D1TC06125A
[92]	Santos, J. M. D.; Sun, D. M.; Naranjo, J. M. M.; Hall, D.; Zinna, F.; Ryan, S. T. J.; Shi, W. D.; Matulaitis, T.; Cordes, D. B.; Slawin, A. M. Z.; Belojonne, D.; Warriner, S. L.; Olivier, Y.; Fuchter, M. J.; Colman, E. Z. J. Mater. Chem. C 2022, 10, 4861. doi: 10.1039/D2TC00198E
[93]	Zou, Y.; Gong, S.; Xie, G.; Yang, C. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2018, 6, 1800568. doi: 10.1002/adom.v6.23
[94]	Hu, Y.; Song, F.; Xu, Z.; Tu, Y. J.; Zhang, H. K.; Cheng, Q.; Lam, J. W. Y.; Ma, D. G.; Tang, B. Z. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 1, 221.
[95]	Wang, Y. F.; Li, M.; Teng, J. M.; Zhou, H. Y.; Zhao, W. L.; Chen, C. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 23619. doi: 10.1002/anie.v60.44
[96]	Teng, J. M.; Zhang, D. W.; Wang, Y. F.; Chen, C. F. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 1578. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c20244

Compound	λ_PL/nm	Host/[ω(emitter)/%]	ΔE_ST/eV	τ_d/μs	PLQY/%	\|g_lum\|/10^－3	λ_EL/nm	EQE/%	\|g_EL\|/10^－3	Ref.
1	519^a	mCP (9)	0.14^b	–	26%^a	1.1^b	–	–	–	[28]
2	533^c	mCBP (15)	0.06^a	130^a	98^a	1.1^a	520	19.8	2.3	[29]
3	597^b	CBP (6)	0.07^a	37.4^a	39.9^a	0.92^a	592	12.4	–	[30]
4	512^b	mCBP (30)	0.052^b	6.78^a	53.1^a	2.2^b	508	12.5	1.3	[31]
5	512^b	mCBP (30)	0.053^b	7.98^a	89.0^a	3.4^b	508	23.1	1.0	[31]
6	470^b	DPEPO (25)	0.022^b	4.7^a	81.2^a	3.0^b	472	20.0	3.1	[32]
7	473^a	mCPCN (12)	0.19^a	2.3^b	89^a	0.59^b	494	20.3	0.74	[35]
8	565^a	mCPCN (6)	0.22^a	9.7^b	86^a	2.0^b	591	23.7	2.4	[35]
9	451^a	DPEPO (12)	0.05^a	3.4^a	86^a	0.3^b	458	18.5	–	[36]
10	541^c	–	0.03^c	1.1^c	85^c	1.9^c	534	25.5	1.5	[38]
11	497^b	DMIC-TRZ (1)	0.01^b	28.1^a	96^a	0.25^b	504	37.2	0.27	[41]
12	517^b	mCP (20)	–	2.9^b	53^b	1.3^b	540	9.1	–	[49]
13	493^a	mCP (10)	0.15^b	24.3^a	32^a	1.2^b	496	9.3	60	[50]
14	571^a	mCP (10)	0.11^b	1.07^a	38^a	0.5^b	571	1.7	91	[50]
15	534^a	mCP (10)	0.11^b	2.51^a	12.5^a	1.1^b	527	6.3	63	[50]
16	540^a	mCP (10)	0.02^b	1.77^a	45^a	0.7^b	547	3.5	82	[50]
17	516^a	mCP (10)	0.08^g	15^a	20^a	0.37^c	496	10.1	3.7	[51]
18	529^a	mCP (10)	0.03^g	8^a	55^a	0.58^c	516	10.6	3.9	[51]
19	568^a	TCTA (15)	0.059^b	1.03^a	18.5^a	1.6^b	580	1.8	1.0	[52]
20	600^a	mCP (10)	0.14^b	5.5^a	15.8^a	2.2^b	600	2.0	2.1	[53]
21	469^b	–	0.054^f	10^a	7^a	2.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
22	490^b	–	0.051^f	45^a	16^a	1.6^b	–	–	–	[54]
23	506^b	–	0.017^f	39^a	18^a	0.2^b	–	–	–	[54]
24	516^b	–	0.022^f	16^a	30^a	<0.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
25	481^b	–	0.013^f	6^a	29^a	1.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
26	504^b	–	0.053^f	19^a	46^a	1.0^b	–	–	–	[54]
27	510^b	mCP	0.009^f	17^a	42^a	1.1^b	510	0.8	1.0	[54]
28	493^b	–	0.136^f	18^a	25^a	<0.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
29	511^b	–	0.07^f	40^a	31^a	<0.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
30	519^b	–	0.075^f	22^a	47^a	0.7^b	–	–	–	[54]
31	612^b	–	–	0.46^h	5.3^h	0.31^h	–	–	–	[55]
32	670^c	–	0.28^b	0.9^b	1^c	0.25^d	716	1.9	–	[56]
33	662^c	–	0.23^b	1.2^b	2^c	0.15^d	700	0.7	–	[59]
34	537^a	TCTA (8)	0.18^b	170^a	86^a	0.3^b	530	27.6	–	[57]
35	503^a	2,6-DCzPPy (8)	0.12^b	75^a	77^a	5.3^b	506	20.5	–	[57]
36	503^b	2,6-DCzPPy (10)	0.037^b	7.7^a	92^a	0.56^b	501	32.6	2.34	[59]
37	538^b	2,6-DCzPPy (10)	0.09^b	13.5^a	85^a	1.88^b	544	12.3	2.3	[60]
38	504^b	mCP (15)	0.04^b	3.2^a	73^a	0.7^b	502	15.0	0.8	[64]
39	520^b	mCP (15)	0.05^b	2.7^a	87^a	0.39^b	514	20.3	0.5	[64]
40	589^b	CBP (15)	0.16^b	3.6^a	92^a	1.9^b	548	28.3	0.6	[65]
41	630^b	CBP (7)	0.07^b	3.7^a	89^a	0.4^b	600	20.3	2.4	[65]
42	509^a	mCBP (13)	0.08^c	4.0^a	81^a	2.6^b	514	19.0	0.47	[72]
43	493^b	PhCzBCz (3)	0.12^b	95.3^a	99^b	0.91^a	496	29.4	1.4	[73]
44	500^b	PhCzBCz (3)	0.13^b	97.4^a	96^b	1.04^a	508	24.5	0.46	[73]
45	505^c	CBP (25)	0.067^c	12.9^a	79.7^c	2.2^b	522	17.1	1.5	[76]
46	458^b	DPEPO (20)	0.029^a	12.6^a	68.2^a	4.8^a	468	12.7	14	[77]
47	497^b	DPEPO (25)	0.05^a	4.0^a	74^a	5.4^b	500	20.8	–	[78]
48	543^b	2,6-DCzPPy (8)	0.04^b	1.1^b	86.1^b	9.7^b	537	17.8	–	[79]
49	485^a	DPEPO (25)	0.09^b	6.4^a	64^a	7.09^b	483	16.7	5.5	[80]
50	482^a	DPEPO (25)	0.05^b	7.0^a	76^a	5.05^b	480	18.3	3.8	[80]
51	529^b	mCP (1)	0.00^f	0.78^a	11^b	0.7	–	–	–	[81]
52	530^b	mCP (1)	0.00^f	0.95^a	29^b	2.0	–	–	–	[81]
53	492^b	mCP (1)	0.22^f	0.57^a	23^b	0.8	–	–	–	[81]
54	482^a	DPEPO (10)	0.16^a	65^a	70^a	1.3^b	480	17.0	–	[84]
55	527^a	CBP (10)	0.03^b	12.1^a	60^a	2.3^b	560	7.8	4.3	[85]
56	565^b	CBP (10)	0.19^f	75^a	78^a	1.9^b	557	20.1	1.5	[86]
57	522^a	mCPCN (3)	0.14^b	8.3^b	96^a	1.5^b	510	20.6	3.7	[88]
58	512^a	mCPCN (1)	0.14^b	23.1^b	92^a	1.5^b	506	26.5	1.9	[88]
59	660^b	–	0.22^b	16.4^b	100^b	2.0^e	–	–	–	[89]
60	684^b	–	0.21^b	43.9^b	99^b	2.0^e	–	–	–	[89]
61	696^b	–	0.18^b	26.8^b	90^b	1.5^e	–	–	–	[89]
62	461^b	mCBP (5)	0.11^b	40.3^a	46.6^a	1.1^b	467	14.0	1.5	[90]
63	446^b	DPEPO (18)	0.23^b	536^a	51.0^a	1.2^e	488	10.6	1.6	[91]
64	473^b	mCP (1)	0.15^a	4.37^a	4.1^a	0.4^b	–	–	–	[92]
65	539^c	CBP (5)	–	1.35^c	6.7^c	2.01^c	529	0.37	–	[94]
66	542^c	CBP (5)	–	1.37^c	10.3^c	1.39^c	528	0.87	–	[94]
67	487^a	mCP (15)	0.03^a	1.07^a	63^a	1.4^a	496	12.0	1.1	[95]
68	532^a	mCP (10)	0.01^a	1.75^a	92^a	1.0^a	534	22.1	1.0	[95]
69	547^b	mCP (10)	0.061^f	2.3^a	76^a	1.9^a	544	15.8	1.6	[96]

Compound	λ_PL/nm	Host/[ω(emitter)/%]	ΔE_ST/eV	τ_d/μs	PLQY/%	\|g_lum\|/10^－3	λ_EL/nm	EQE/%	\|g_EL\|/10^－3	Ref.
1	519^a	mCP (9)	0.14^b	–	26%^a	1.1^b	–	–	–	[28]
2	533^c	mCBP (15)	0.06^a	130^a	98^a	1.1^a	520	19.8	2.3	[29]
3	597^b	CBP (6)	0.07^a	37.4^a	39.9^a	0.92^a	592	12.4	–	[30]
4	512^b	mCBP (30)	0.052^b	6.78^a	53.1^a	2.2^b	508	12.5	1.3	[31]
5	512^b	mCBP (30)	0.053^b	7.98^a	89.0^a	3.4^b	508	23.1	1.0	[31]
6	470^b	DPEPO (25)	0.022^b	4.7^a	81.2^a	3.0^b	472	20.0	3.1	[32]
7	473^a	mCPCN (12)	0.19^a	2.3^b	89^a	0.59^b	494	20.3	0.74	[35]
8	565^a	mCPCN (6)	0.22^a	9.7^b	86^a	2.0^b	591	23.7	2.4	[35]
9	451^a	DPEPO (12)	0.05^a	3.4^a	86^a	0.3^b	458	18.5	–	[36]
10	541^c	–	0.03^c	1.1^c	85^c	1.9^c	534	25.5	1.5	[38]
11	497^b	DMIC-TRZ (1)	0.01^b	28.1^a	96^a	0.25^b	504	37.2	0.27	[41]
12	517^b	mCP (20)	–	2.9^b	53^b	1.3^b	540	9.1	–	[49]
13	493^a	mCP (10)	0.15^b	24.3^a	32^a	1.2^b	496	9.3	60	[50]
14	571^a	mCP (10)	0.11^b	1.07^a	38^a	0.5^b	571	1.7	91	[50]
15	534^a	mCP (10)	0.11^b	2.51^a	12.5^a	1.1^b	527	6.3	63	[50]
16	540^a	mCP (10)	0.02^b	1.77^a	45^a	0.7^b	547	3.5	82	[50]
17	516^a	mCP (10)	0.08^g	15^a	20^a	0.37^c	496	10.1	3.7	[51]
18	529^a	mCP (10)	0.03^g	8^a	55^a	0.58^c	516	10.6	3.9	[51]
19	568^a	TCTA (15)	0.059^b	1.03^a	18.5^a	1.6^b	580	1.8	1.0	[52]
20	600^a	mCP (10)	0.14^b	5.5^a	15.8^a	2.2^b	600	2.0	2.1	[53]
21	469^b	–	0.054^f	10^a	7^a	2.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
22	490^b	–	0.051^f	45^a	16^a	1.6^b	–	–	–	[54]
23	506^b	–	0.017^f	39^a	18^a	0.2^b	–	–	–	[54]
24	516^b	–	0.022^f	16^a	30^a	<0.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
25	481^b	–	0.013^f	6^a	29^a	1.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
26	504^b	–	0.053^f	19^a	46^a	1.0^b	–	–	–	[54]
27	510^b	mCP	0.009^f	17^a	42^a	1.1^b	510	0.8	1.0	[54]
28	493^b	–	0.136^f	18^a	25^a	<0.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
29	511^b	–	0.07^f	40^a	31^a	<0.1^b	–	–	–	[54]
30	519^b	–	0.075^f	22^a	47^a	0.7^b	–	–	–	[54]
31	612^b	–	–	0.46^h	5.3^h	0.31^h	–	–	–	[55]
32	670^c	–	0.28^b	0.9^b	1^c	0.25^d	716	1.9	–	[56]
33	662^c	–	0.23^b	1.2^b	2^c	0.15^d	700	0.7	–	[59]
34	537^a	TCTA (8)	0.18^b	170^a	86^a	0.3^b	530	27.6	–	[57]
35	503^a	2,6-DCzPPy (8)	0.12^b	75^a	77^a	5.3^b	506	20.5	–	[57]
36	503^b	2,6-DCzPPy (10)	0.037^b	7.7^a	92^a	0.56^b	501	32.6	2.34	[59]
37	538^b	2,6-DCzPPy (10)	0.09^b	13.5^a	85^a	1.88^b	544	12.3	2.3	[60]
38	504^b	mCP (15)	0.04^b	3.2^a	73^a	0.7^b	502	15.0	0.8	[64]
39	520^b	mCP (15)	0.05^b	2.7^a	87^a	0.39^b	514	20.3	0.5	[64]
40	589^b	CBP (15)	0.16^b	3.6^a	92^a	1.9^b	548	28.3	0.6	[65]
41	630^b	CBP (7)	0.07^b	3.7^a	89^a	0.4^b	600	20.3	2.4	[65]
42	509^a	mCBP (13)	0.08^c	4.0^a	81^a	2.6^b	514	19.0	0.47	[72]
43	493^b	PhCzBCz (3)	0.12^b	95.3^a	99^b	0.91^a	496	29.4	1.4	[73]
44	500^b	PhCzBCz (3)	0.13^b	97.4^a	96^b	1.04^a	508	24.5	0.46	[73]
45	505^c	CBP (25)	0.067^c	12.9^a	79.7^c	2.2^b	522	17.1	1.5	[76]
46	458^b	DPEPO (20)	0.029^a	12.6^a	68.2^a	4.8^a	468	12.7	14	[77]
47	497^b	DPEPO (25)	0.05^a	4.0^a	74^a	5.4^b	500	20.8	–	[78]
48	543^b	2,6-DCzPPy (8)	0.04^b	1.1^b	86.1^b	9.7^b	537	17.8	–	[79]
49	485^a	DPEPO (25)	0.09^b	6.4^a	64^a	7.09^b	483	16.7	5.5	[80]
50	482^a	DPEPO (25)	0.05^b	7.0^a	76^a	5.05^b	480	18.3	3.8	[80]
51	529^b	mCP (1)	0.00^f	0.78^a	11^b	0.7	–	–	–	[81]
52	530^b	mCP (1)	0.00^f	0.95^a	29^b	2.0	–	–	–	[81]
53	492^b	mCP (1)	0.22^f	0.57^a	23^b	0.8	–	–	–	[81]
54	482^a	DPEPO (10)	0.16^a	65^a	70^a	1.3^b	480	17.0	–	[84]
55	527^a	CBP (10)	0.03^b	12.1^a	60^a	2.3^b	560	7.8	4.3	[85]
56	565^b	CBP (10)	0.19^f	75^a	78^a	1.9^b	557	20.1	1.5	[86]
57	522^a	mCPCN (3)	0.14^b	8.3^b	96^a	1.5^b	510	20.6	3.7	[88]
58	512^a	mCPCN (1)	0.14^b	23.1^b	92^a	1.5^b	506	26.5	1.9	[88]
59	660^b	–	0.22^b	16.4^b	100^b	2.0^e	–	–	–	[89]
60	684^b	–	0.21^b	43.9^b	99^b	2.0^e	–	–	–	[89]
61	696^b	–	0.18^b	26.8^b	90^b	1.5^e	–	–	–	[89]
62	461^b	mCBP (5)	0.11^b	40.3^a	46.6^a	1.1^b	467	14.0	1.5	[90]
63	446^b	DPEPO (18)	0.23^b	536^a	51.0^a	1.2^e	488	10.6	1.6	[91]
64	473^b	mCP (1)	0.15^a	4.37^a	4.1^a	0.4^b	–	–	–	[92]
65	539^c	CBP (5)	–	1.35^c	6.7^c	2.01^c	529	0.37	–	[94]
66	542^c	CBP (5)	–	1.37^c	10.3^c	1.39^c	528	0.87	–	[94]
67	487^a	mCP (15)	0.03^a	1.07^a	63^a	1.4^a	496	12.0	1.1	[95]
68	532^a	mCP (10)	0.01^a	1.75^a	92^a	1.0^a	534	22.1	1.0	[95]
69	547^b	mCP (10)	0.061^f	2.3^a	76^a	1.9^a	544	15.8	1.6	[96]