卤键驱动超分子自组装: 从维度调控到功能应用

doi:10.6023/cjoc202605016

摘要/Abstract

卤键是一类由卤原子σ-空穴与亲核体之间形成的定向非共价相互作用. 经典卤键源于电中性卤素原子(I、Br或Cl)与吸电子取代基共价连接后沿键轴方向产生的σ-空穴, 具有方向性强和键能可调的特点, 适于构筑开放型可扩展的超分子网络. 阳离子卤键则由卤鎓离子(X^＋)通过其p轨道空穴, 同时与两个路易斯碱配位, 形成三中心四电子的[D…X…D]^＋特征单元, 键能可达180 kJ•mol^－1, 兼具共价性与静电性, 展现出卓越的热力学稳定性和双齿桥连能力. 基于上述差异, 系统综述了两类卤键在超分子自组装中的结构构筑逻辑与维度调控策略, 从零维到三维依次涵盖二聚体、胶囊、螺旋聚合物、二维卤键有机框架(XOFs)及三维晶体架构, 重点分析了各维度下经典卤键的“单齿线性连接”与阳离子卤键的“双齿桥连节点”对组装拓扑和稳定性的不同贡献, 并进一步总结了两类卤键驱动组装体在光催化、气体分离及医药等领域的功能应用. 两类卤键在方向性、强度与组装行为上的互补特征, 为晶体工程与功能材料设计提供了丰富的设计空间.

关键词: 卤键, 超分子自组装, 非共价相互作用, 晶体工程, 卤键有机框架

Halogen bonding is a class of directional noncovalent interactions formed between the σ-hole of a halogen atom and a nucleophile. Classical halogen bonding originates from the σ-hole generated along the bond axis of an electroneutral halogen atom (I, Br or Cl) covalently linked to an electron-withdrawing substituent, and is characterized by high directionality and tunable bond energies, making it suitable for the construction of open and expandable supramolecular networks. Cationic halogen bonding, in contrast, involves a halonium ion (X^＋) coordinating simultaneously with two Lewis bases through its p-orbital vacancy, giving rise to the characteristic three-center four-electron [D…X…D]^＋ motif, with bond energies reaching up to 180 kJ•mol^－1. This interaction exhibits both covalent and electrostatic character, endowing it with exceptional thermodynamic stability and bidentate bridging capability. On the basis of these distinctions, the structural construction logic and dimensionality control strategies of both types of halogen-bonded systems in supramolecular self-assembly are systema- tically reviewed, covering zero-dimensional to three-dimensional architectures including dimers, capsules, helical polymers, two-dimensional halogen-bonded organic frameworks (XOFs), and three-dimensional crystalline frameworks, with emphasis on the distinct contributions of the “monodentate linear connectivity” of classical halogen bonds and the “bidentate bridging nodes” of cationic halogen bonds to assembly topology and stability. Furthermore, the functional applications of these halogen-bonded assemblies in photocatalysis, gas separation, and biomedicine are summarized. The complementary features of classical and cationic halogen bonds in terms of directionality, bond strength, and assembly behavior provide a rich design space for crystal engineering and functional materials.

Key words: halogen bond, supramolecular self-assembly, noncovalent interaction, crystal engineering, halogen-bonded organic framework

引用此文

张鹛媚, 王璐, 陈世贵. 卤键驱动超分子自组装: 从维度调控到功能应用[J]. 有机化学, 2026, 46(9): 3328-3337.

Meimei Zhang, Lu Wang, Shigui Chen. Halogen Bonding Driven Supramolecular Self-Assembly: From Dimensionality Control to Functional Applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2026, 46(9): 3328-3337.

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图/表 11

图1. 经典卤键和阳离子卤键的结构和σ-空穴示意图[13]

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the structure and σ-hole of classical halogen bonding and cationic halogen bonding

图2. (a)系列化合物的晶体结构和由2-IEP•HBr构筑并通过C—I…Br－卤键、N—H…Br－氢键和C—H…I氢键相互作用共同维系的超分子带状结构[25]以及(b)不同[N…I…N]＋型阳离子卤键配合物的DFT优化几何结构[26]

Figure 2. (a) Crystal structures of a series of compounds and the supramolecular ribbon structure constructed from 2-IEP•HBr, supported by C—I…Br－ halogen bonding, N—H…Br－ hydrogen bonding, and C—H…I hydrogen bonding interactions,[25] and (b) DFT-optimized geometries of different [N…I…N]＋-type cationic halogen-bonded complexes[26]

图3. (a)经典卤键驱动的二聚胶囊[27](空腔中具有三个1,4-二噁烷分子)和(b)六聚(左)和五聚(右)阳离子卤键胶囊的几何优化结构

Figure 3. (a) Classical halogen bonding-driven dimeric capsule (with three 1,4-dioxane molecules in the cavity), and (b) geometry-optimized structures of hexameric (left) and pentameric (right) cationic halogen-bonded capsules

图4. (a1) P和M超分子单螺旋、(a2) P,P和M,M超分子四螺旋、(a3) 四重螺旋、(a4) P,P和M,M超分子双螺旋、(a5)双螺旋[29]; (b1)超分子螺旋聚合物的逐步合成示意图、(b2) RFc3-Ag的X射线结构、(b3, b4) DFT优化后的螺旋聚合物结构[31]

Figure 4. (a1) P and M supramolecular single helices, (a2) P,P and M,M supramolecular quadruple helices, (a3) fourfold helix, (a4) P,P and M,M supramolecular double helice, (a5) double helix;[29] (b1) schematic illustration of the stepwise synthesis of supramolecular helical polymers, (b2) X-ray structure of RFc3-Ag, and (b3, b4) DFT-optimized structures of helical polymers[31]

图5. 不同类型的阳离子卤键及其形成的零维(0D)异四聚体簇、一维(1D)链和二维(2D)层状结构[32]

Figure 5. Different types of cationic halogen bonding and the resulting zero-dimensional (0D) heterotetrameric clusters, one- dimensional (1D) chains, and two-dimensional (2D) layered structures[32]

图6. (a) [N…I…N]+ [34a], (b) [N…Br…N]+ [34c]和(c) [N…Cl…N]+ [34d]型阳离子卤键桥连的二维层状结构

Figure 6. (a) [N…I…N]+,[34a] (b) [N…Br…N]+,[34c] and (c) [N…Cl…N]+-type[34d] cationic halogen bonding-bridged two-dimensional layered structures

图7. [N…X…N]＋型阳离子卤键的配体交换策略示意图

Figure 7. Schematic illustration of the ligand-exchange strategy for [N…X…N]＋-type cationic halogen bonds

图8. (a)经典卤键驱动的(a)折叠体自组装形成3D超分子组装体及其序列结构[20]、(b)单个3D框架的自由通道及其与金刚石网络互穿的透视图[35]及(c)圆柱形形状和通道的平行排列的晶体堆积结构[36]

Figure 8. (a) Classical halogen bonding-driven (a) self-assembly of foldamers into a 3D supramolecular assembly and its sequential structure, (b) perspective view of the free channels of a single 3D framework and their interpenetration with a diamond network, and (c) crystal packing structure showing a cylindrical shape and parallel arrangement of channels

图9. Cu—I…O经典卤键为分子桥的双组分结构及光催化产C2H6的示意图[38]

Figure 9. Schematic representation of the two-component structure featuring Cu—I…O classical halogen bonding as a molecular bridge, along with the photocatalytic production of C2H6

图10. (a) XOF(I/Br)-TTF卤键有机框架的结构与光催化产H2O2示意图[39]及(b) XOF(I)-ZnTPP卤键有机框架的结构与光催化产1O2示意图[40]

Figure 10. (a) Structure of the XOF(I/Br)-TTF halogen-bonded organic framework and schematic diagram of photocatalytic H2O2 production and (b) structure of the XOF(I)-ZnTPP halogen-bonded organic framework and schematic diagram of photocatalytic 1O2 production

图11. IR820@XOF(Br)-TPPA治疗细菌性角膜炎的机制[42]及(b) IR820@XOF(Br)-TPy治疗皮下肿瘤的机制[43]

Figure 11. Mechanism of IR820@XOF(Br)-TPPA for the treatment of bacterial keratitis and (b) mechanism of IR820@XOF(Br)-TPy for the treatment of subcutaneous tumors

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