Research Advances on Radical Reactions in Aqueous Phase

doi:10.6023/cjoc202512028

Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (4): 1496-1512.DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202512028 Previous Articles Next Articles

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水相中的自由基反应研究进展

王小曼^a^,^b, 王泽^a, 吴劼^a^,^c^,^d^,^*(), 胡燚^b^,^*(), 叶盛青^a^,^*()

^a 台州学院医药化工学院高等研究院高等研究院浙江台州 318000
^b 南京工业大学药学院药物绿色生物制造江苏省高校重点实验室药物绿色生物制造江苏省高校重点实验室江苏南京 211816
^c 中国科学院上海有机化学研究所金属有机化学国家重点实验室金属有机化学国家重点实验室上海 200032
^d 河南师范大学化学化工学院河南新乡 453007

收稿日期:2025-12-19 修回日期:2026-02-04 发布日期:2026-03-06
通讯作者: 吴劼, 胡燚, 叶盛青
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22271210)

Research Advances on Radical Reactions in Aqueous Phase

Xiaoman Wang^a^,^b, Ze Wang^a, Jie Wu^a^,^c^,^d^,^*(), Yi Hu^b^,^*(), Shengqing Ye^a^,^*()

^a School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000
^b Jiangsu Provincial University Key Laboratory of Green Biomanufacturing for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816
^c State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032
^d School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007

Received:2025-12-19 Revised:2026-02-04 Published:2026-03-06
Contact: Jie Wu, Yi Hu, Shengqing Ye
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22271210)

Free radicals always serve as significant reaction intermediates for constructing complex molecular frameworks, which characterized by high reactivity and special selectivity in organic synthesis. However, traditional radical reactions heavily rely on toxic, volatile and inflammable organic solvents. Meanwhile, taking advantage of the properties of water, such as non-toxic, non-flammable, cheap, accessible and eco-friendly, developing aqueous phase radical reactions offers an excellent solution to overcome these limitations. The above is the frontier focus in green chemistry currently. This review mainly summarizes the research advances on radical reactions in aqueous phase between 2020 and 2025, which are categorized into: (1) C—H/C—C bond oxidation reactions, (2) coupling reactions, (3) radical additions to alkenes/alkynes, and (4) other reactions.

Key words: aqueous reactions, radicals, green chemistry

Cite this article

Xiaoman Wang, Ze Wang, Jie Wu, Yi Hu, Shengqing Ye. Research Advances on Radical Reactions in Aqueous Phase[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2026, 46(4): 1496-1512.

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Fig. & Tab. 29

Scheme 1. C—H bond oxidation catalyzed by CeCl3 on water

Scheme 2. Benzyl C—H bond oxidation

Scheme 3. Benzyl C—H bond oxidation mediated by CBr4 on water

Scheme 4. Photocatalytic oxidative cleavage of alkene C=C on water

Scheme 5. Oxidative cleavage of alkene C=C promoted by NaN3 in aqueous phase

Scheme 6. Photocatalytic oxidative cleavage of alkenes catalyzed by thiobenzoic acid in aqueous phase

Scheme 7. Photoinduced oxidative strategy with molecular oxygen in aqueous phase

Scheme 8. C3-Difluoroarylmethylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)- ones in aqueous phase

Scheme 9. K2S2O8-catalyzed amidoalkylation of N-heteroaromatics in aqueous phase

Scheme 10. Light-promoted amination of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with N-aminopyridinium salt by the assistance of surfactants on water

Scheme 11. Visible-light-induced direct 3-ethoxycarbonyl-methylation of 2-aryl-2H-indazoles in aqueous phase

Scheme 12. Photo-induced BPO-mediated Minisci-type reaction in aqueous phase

Scheme 13. Visible-light-promoted C—H arylation of uracil derivatives in aqueous phase

Scheme 14. Visible-light-mediated N-acylation in aqueous phase

Scheme 15. Three-component reaction access to S-alkyl dithiocarbamates under visible-light irradiation in aqueous phase

Scheme 16. Cross-coupling of aryl boronic acids and sulfonyl fluorides on water

Scheme 17. Visible-light-mediated green synthesis of tertiary alcohols from dicarbonyl compounds and arylamines in aqueous phase

Scheme 18. Aggregation-induced C—C bond formation on an electrode driven by the surface tension of water

Scheme 19. 1,5-Difunctionalization of vinylcyclopropane on water

Scheme 20. Visible-light-induced surfactant-promoted sulfonylation of alkenes and alkynes on water

Scheme 21. EDA-complex-mediated three-component tandem reaction in aqueous phase

Scheme 22. Visible-light-activated multi-component reaction driven by the EDA complex in aqueous phase

Scheme 23. Anti-Markovnikov functionalization of alkenes with thiols in aqueous phase

Scheme 24. Synthesis of 3-acylmethylated coumarins via radical addition/cyclization reaction in aqueous phase

Scheme 25. Photochemical transfers of carbenes from tosylhydrazones in aqueous phase

Scheme 26. LMCT-triggered decarboxylation halogenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids in aqueous phase

Scheme 27. Synthesis of naphthoselenazol-2-amines through a visible-light-catalytic multi-component reaction in aqueous phase

Scheme 28. Visible-light-driven α-hydroxylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds in aqueous phase

Scheme 29. Aggregation-induced electrochemical boronation- dihydroxylation of alkenes on water

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水相中的自由基反应研究进展

Research Advances on Radical Reactions in Aqueous Phase

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