Recent Advances in Water-Soluble Photocatalysts-Mediated Aqueous Reactions

doi:10.6023/cjoc202407046

Abstract

Visible-light photocatalysts are capable of converting light energy into chemical energy, which opens a new way to achieve chemical transformations under mild conditions. As a safe, cheap, clean and abundant reaction medium, the appli- cation of water in organic synthesis can effectively reduce environmental pollution. In this regard, the combined use of visible-light photocatalysts and water meets the goal for the development of green and sustainable chemistry. Given the poor solubility of most organic substrates and catalysts in water, a number of water-soluble visible-light photocatalysts have been developed for organic transformations in recent years. In addition, water solubility makes visible-light photocatalyst biocompatible, which improves the practicality and extends the application in biological field. In this regard, the review provides a summary of water-soluble photocatalysts reported in recent years, which are categorized into metal, organic and supramolecular water-soluble photocatalysts based on different catalytic systems.

Key words: water-soluble photocatalysts, water medium, visible light, aqueous reactions

Cite this article

Lingwei Wu, Hao Cui, Xiao Zhang. Recent Advances in Water-Soluble Photocatalysts-Mediated Aqueous Reactions[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2025, 45(4): 1097-1118.

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Fig. & Tab. 29

Scheme 1. Strategies for constructing water-soluble photocatalysts

Scheme 2. Commonly used iridium complexes

Scheme 3. Design of PQS-attached-[Ir]

Scheme 4. Visible light-induced difunctionalization of alkenes, enol acetates, and enamide sulfonylation

Scheme 5. Visible light-induced reduction of imines

Scheme 6. Comparison of catalytic performance between Irsppy and other photocatalysts

Scheme 7. Application of Irsppy in reduction reactions

Scheme 8. Action modes of Irsppy under different light intensities

Scheme 9. Rreactions using Irsppy under different light intensities

Scheme 10. Visible light-induced dehydroalanine modification of nisin

Scheme 11. Visible light-induced trifluoromethylation of dipeptide

Scheme 12. Commonly used ruthenium complexes

Scheme 13. Visible light-induced radical arylation of N-heteroaromatics

Scheme 14. Visible light-induced oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles

Scheme 15. Mechanism of visible light-induced oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles

Scheme 16. Visible light-induced radical addition reaction of perfluoroalkyl iodides

Scheme 17. Visible light-induced oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes

Scheme 18. Visible light-induced decarboxylative hydroxylation reaction

Scheme 19. Water-soluble photocatalysts for the synthesis of H2O2

Scheme 20. Visible light-induced synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates (PPC)

Scheme 21. Mechanism of PET-RAFT polymerization

Scheme 22. Visible light-induced 4P-DPAIPN and Co(oTMPyP)-catalyzed reduction of CO2

Scheme 23. Visible light-induced aerobic oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids

Scheme 24. Visible light-induced coupling reaction of aryl diazonium salts of tetrafluoroborate and pyridine hydrochloride

Scheme 25. Visible light-induced oxidative reaction of hydrazo- benzenes, olefins and hydrosilanes

Scheme 26. Visible light-induced selective aerial oxidation of aryl/alkyl sulfides

Scheme 27. Visible light-induced pinacol coupling reaction

Scheme 28. Visible light-induced reduction of CO2

Scheme 29. Visible light-induced selective aerobic oxidation of aryl/alkyl sulfides

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