石墨烯材料的储锂行为及其潜在应用

doi:10.6023/A13090986

摘要/Abstract

由于石墨烯材料独特的性质，其在锂离子电池材料方面显示出潜在的应用前景. 深入理解石墨烯材料的储锂行为，对于其在储能领域的应用具有极为重要的意义. 石墨烯材料作为负极材料具有与低温软炭材料类似的充放电特征. 无序度或比表面积高的热还原石墨烯材料具有相对更高的可逆储锂容量. 石墨烯材料中大量的微孔缺陷能够提高可逆储锂容量，但同时也会造成电压滞后及容量衰减. 石墨烯材料作为锂电池正极材料，其电化学性能主要来源于表面含氧官能团与锂离子在高电位下的可逆氧化还原反应，且不可逆容量较低. 利用石墨烯负极高容量与石墨烯正极高倍率放电的特性，可以设计出具有高能量密度的锂离子电容器和高比容量的石墨烯复合锂电池正极材料.

关键词: 石墨烯, 储锂机制, 正极材料, 负极材料, 锂离子电池

Graphene materials are materials with a flat mono/few layer of carbon atoms tightly packed to a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Graphene materials are expected to be applied in lithium ion batteries due to their unique structural, mechanical and electrical properties. As an anode material, the charge/discharge characteristics of graphene materials is similar to those of low-temperature soft carbon materials, such as high capacity, low initial efficiency and large voltage hysteresis. Although attractive results have been achieved for graphene as anode materials for LIBs, detailed lithium storage mechanisms are still not clear. The effects of the following several structural parameters including disorder degree, surface area, micropores, interlayer spacing, C/O ratio and layer number on the lithium storage properties are discussed. Thermally reduced graphene materials with a highly disordered structure and high surface area has exceptionally high reversible capacity. Micropores in graphene materials have a great impact on their electrochemical performance. Although these micropores can provide additional sites for increased reversible lithium storage, it can also results in severe capacity fading and voltage hysteresis. Oxygen functional groups and larger interlayer spacing may provide higher reversible capacity of graphene, but the micropores and defect-based reversible storage may be the main contribution. Effect of layer number on lithium storage mechanisms of graphene and the conclusion are still in debate. Graphene with rich oxygen functional groups is a promising cathode material with high capacity and rate performance for lithium storage. High specific capacity of graphene cathode is mainly ascribed to lithiation reaction of oxygen functional groups, such as epoxide and carbonyl groups. Lithiation of oxygen functional groups still requires further study for a full understanding. Based on the lithium storage characteristics of graphene anode and cathode, lithium ion capacitors with high energy density and graphene composite cathode materials for lithium ion batteries may be designed and developed in the future. Graphene based lithium ion capacitors facilitate the reversible lithium storage, which significantly improves the energy density of lithium ion capacitors compared to those of conventional systems based on activated carbon. LiFePO₄ modified with graphene layers has reached 208 mAh/g in specific capacity. The excess capacity is attributed to the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction between the lithium ions of the electrolyte and the exfoliated graphene flakes.

Key words: graphene, lithium storage mechanism, cathode material, anode material, lithium ion battery

引用此文

闻雷, 刘成名, 宋仁升, 罗洪泽, 石颖, 李峰, 成会明. 石墨烯材料的储锂行为及其潜在应用[J]. 化学学报, 2014, 72(3): 333-344.

Wen Lei, Liu Chengming, Song Rensheng, Luo Hongze, Shi Ying, Li Feng, Cheng Huiming. Lithium Storage Characteristics and Possible Applications of Graphene Materials[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2014, 72(3): 333-344.

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