亚纳米尺度材料表面原子重排与电子离域★

doi:10.6023/A23050214

化学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 81 ›› Issue (10): 1462-1470.DOI: 10.6023/A23050214 上一篇

所属专题：庆祝《化学学报》创刊90周年合辑

综述

亚纳米尺度材料表面原子重排与电子离域^★

张东政, 刘清达, 王训^*()

清华大学化学系稀土新材料教育部工程研究中心北京 100084

投稿日期:2023-05-08 发布日期:2023-07-05

作者简介:

张东政, 2018年获得中国科学技术大学化学学士学位, 目前为清华大学化学系博士研究生, 师从王训教授. 主要研究方向为亚纳米线凝胶的设计、合成和应用.

王训, 清华大学化学系教授, 博士生导师. 2004年于清华大学化学系获得博士学位, 2007年任清华大学化学系教授, 同年获得国家杰出青年科学基金, 2014年获得教育部“长江学者”特聘教授称号, 主要致力于无机纳米晶体新结构控制合成、形成机制及组装, 已在Science, Nature, Nat. Chem., Nat. Synth., Sci. Adv., Nat. Commun.等SCI期刊上发表文章三百余篇, 兼任《化学学报》、《中国科学: 化学》、《高等学校化学学报》、《结构化学》、《无机化学学报》编委, Editorial board member of Advanced Materials, Editorial board member of Nano Research, Scientific Editor of Materials Horizons, Associate Editor of Science China Materials, Associate Editor of Science Bulletin, Associate Editor of Nano Research, 中国化学会副秘书长.

^★庆祝《化学学报》创刊90周年.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(2224100031)

Surface Atom Rearrangement and Electron Delocalization of the Sub-nanometric Materials^★

Dongzheng Zhang, Qingda Liu, Xun Wang()

Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084

Received:2023-05-08 Published:2023-07-05
Contact: *E-mail: wangxun@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
About author:
^★Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Acta Chimica Sinica.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(2224100031)

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摘要/Abstract

亚纳米尺度是物质科学领域中的重要特征尺寸. 亚纳米材料具有不同于分子基或传统纳米材料的若干独有性质, 其尺寸与高分子单链/DNA直径、团簇及无机晶体单个晶胞尺寸相当. 亚纳米材料表面原子比例接近100%, 由此带来了显著的表面原子重排和电子离域效应. 一维亚纳米材料具有优异的结构柔性、可加工性、粘性和可凝胶化等类高分子性质, 有望成为打破高分子材料与无机材料之间界限的切入点. 亚纳米材料中的电子离域改变了材料的电子和能带结构, 并显著增强了其外场耦合效应, 从而带来了优异的光热转换和催化等性质. 围绕亚纳米尺度中的原子重排与电子离域进行探讨, 重点关注亚纳米材料的精准合成组装、类高分子性质、电子结构及催化性质. 期望本综述能够帮助研究者深入理解亚纳米尺度相互作用的耦合规律及构效关系, 进一步推动亚纳米材料的精准合成和功能体系构建.

关键词: 亚纳米材料, 类高分子性质, 催化, 电子离域, 表面原子重排

Subnanometer scale is an important feature size in the field of material science. Sub-nanometric materials (SNMs) have several unique properties different from molecular-based or traditional nanomaterials, and their size is comparable to the diameters of the polymer single strand/DNA, clusters and the single unit cell of inorganic crystals. The surface atom ratio of SNMs is close to 100%, which brings significant surface atom rearrangement and electron delocalization effects. 1D SNMs are expected to become an entry point to break the boundary between polymers and inorganic materials due to their excellent structural flexibility, machinability, viscosity and gelation. Electron delocalization in SNMs changes the electronic and band structures of the materials, and significantly enhances the external field coupling effects, resulting in excellent photothermal conversion and catalysis properties. This review focuses on the surface atom rearrangement and electron delocalization effects at the subnanometer scale. The precise synthesis and assembly, polymer-like properties, electronic structure, and catalytic properties of SNMs are introduced. It is hoped that this review can help to deeply understand the coupling law of subnanometer scale interactions and structure-function relationship, further promoting the accurate synthesis of SNMs and the construction of functional systems.

Key words: sub-nanometric material, polymer-like property, catalysis, electron delocalization, surface atom rearrangement

引用此文

张东政, 刘清达, 王训. 亚纳米尺度材料表面原子重排与电子离域^★[J]. 化学学报, 2023, 81(10): 1462-1470.

Dongzheng Zhang, Qingda Liu, Xun Wang. Surface Atom Rearrangement and Electron Delocalization of the Sub-nanometric Materials^★[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2023, 81(10): 1462-1470.

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图/表 10

图1. 亚纳米结构的柔性和可调控性 (a) GdOOH亚纳米线(SNWs); (b) Ca-多酸(POM) SNWs; (c)硫化铟亚纳米带(SNBs); (d)硫化铟SNBs自组装形成的二维超结构; (e)多酸单团簇SNWs; (f)多酸单团簇亚纳米环

Figure 1. Flexibility and adjustability of subnanostructures (a) GdOOH subnanowires (SNWs); (b) Ca-polyoxometalate (POM) SNWs; (c) indium sulfide subnanobelts (SNBs); (d) 2D superstructures self-assembled from indium sulfide SNBs; (e) polyoxometalate single clusters SNWs; (f) polyoxometalate single clusters subnanorings. Reproduced with permission from ref. [15], copyright 2013 American Chemical Society; ref. [16], copyright 2022 The Authors; ref. [17], copyright 2013 American Chemical Society; ref. [18], copyright 2019 The Authors.

图2. GdOOH SNWs手性组装体 (a)螺旋状SNWs束; (b)宏观螺旋组装体; (c)宏观螺旋组装体的局部结构; (d)宏观螺旋组装体的圆二色光谱(CD)谱图; (e)加入有机染料的宏观螺旋组装体的CD谱图; (f)分子动力学模拟手性演化过程.

Figure 2. GdOOH SNWs chiral assemblies (a) Spiral SNWs bundles; (b) macroscopic helical assemblies; (c) local structure of macroscopic helical assemblies; (d) circular dichroism spectrum (CD) spectra of macroscopic helical assemblies; (e) CD spectra of macroscopic helical assemblies with addition of organic dyes; (f) molecular dynamics simulation of the chiral evolution. Reproduced with permission from ref. [19], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.

图3. Ca-POM SNWs粘结剂 (a) SNWs的粘结性能; (b~e)不同基底、时间、温度和循环次数下的粘结性能; (f)水下粘结性能

Figure 3. Ca-POM SNWs adhesive (a) Adhesive performance of SNWs; (b~e) adhesive performance for different substrates, times, temperatures and cycles; (f) underwater adhesive performance. Reproduced with permission from ref. [20], copyright 2022 American Chemical Society.

图4. SNWs有机凝胶 (a) GdOOH SNWs; (b) (CTA)3(TBA)3P2W18O62 SNWs; (c) Fe3O4-PMo12, Bi2O3-PMo12, Bi2O3-PMo12/S和Bi2O3-PMo12/V SNWs; (d) Ca-POM SNWs形成的自支撑有机凝胶(具有丁达尔效应); (e) Ca-POM SNWs用于回收汽油; (f~h) Ca-POM SNWs有机凝胶的弹性和柔韧性

Figure 4. SNWs organogels (a) GdOOH SNWs; (b) (CTA)3(TBA)3P2W18O62 SNWs; (c) Fe3O4-PMo12, Bi2O3-PMo12, Bi2O3-PMo12/S and Bi2O3-PMo12/V SNWs; (d) self-supporting organogels formed by Ca-POM SNWs with Dundahl effect; (e) use of Ca-POM SNWs to recover gasoline; (f~h) elasticity and flexibility of Ca-POM SNWs organogels. Reproduced with permission from ref. [15], copyright 2013 American Chemical Society; ref. [16], copyright 2022 The Authors; ref. [21], copyright 2013 The Authors; ref. [22], copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH.

图5. SNWs宏观薄膜 (a) GdOOH SNWs的静电纺丝纤维; (b)单根SNWs纤维; (c)大尺寸无纺布; (d)湿法纺丝制备工艺及(e~g)得到的GdOOH SNWs薄膜; (h) GdOOH SNWs薄膜的可见光各向异性散射; (i, j)量子点复合的SNWs薄膜的偏振荧光特性; (k)具有高透明度和高雾度的羟基磷灰石SNWs-聚酰亚胺复合薄膜; (l)复合凝胶涂层用于不同透明衬底

Figure 5. SNWs macroscopic films (a) Electrospun fibers of GdOOH SNWs; (b) a single SNWs fiber; (c) large-area macroassembly mat; (d) preparation process of wet spinning and (e~g) the resulting GdOOH SNWs film; (h) anisotropic scattering of visible light in GdOOH SNWs films; (i, j) polarization fluorescence properties of SNWs films composited with quantum dots; (k) hydroxyapatite SNWs-polyimide films with high transparency and haze; (l) composite gel coatings used for different transparent substrates. Reproduced with permission from ref. [23], copyright 2017 American Chemical Society; ref. [24], copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH; ref. [25], copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH.

图6. 新型二维亚纳米材料体系-团簇烯 (a, b)单层团簇烯结构表征; (c)团簇烯的结构示意图(Nd, 粉色; W, 金色; O, 红色; H, 白色); (d)团簇的分子轨道相互作用及电子离域; (e)不同氧化态下的POM团簇的绝热电离能; (f)团簇烯的差分电荷密度(Cu, 青色; Nb, 浅蓝色; O, 红色; H, 白色; N, 深蓝色; C, 灰色); (g)团簇烯电离一个电子后的电荷布局改变; (h)团簇烯的分波态密度曲线(如虚线所示, 费米能级设为0 eV)

Figure 6. A novel 2D sub-nanometric material system-clusterphene (a, b) Structure characterization of single layer clusterphene; (c) structural representation of clusterphene (Nd, pink; W, gold; O, red; H, white); (d) molecular orbital interactions and electron delocalization of clusters; (e) the adiabatic ionization energy of POM clusters in different oxidation states; (f) the differential charge density of clusterphene (Cu, cyan; Nb, light blue; O, red; H, white; N, dark blue; C, gray); (g) the charge changes in electron population with one electron loss in clusterphene; (h) the partial density of states of clusterphene (the Fermi level was set as 0?eV as shown by dashed lines). Reproduced with permission from ref. [30], copyright 2022 The Authors; ref. [32], copyright 2023 The Authors.

图7. C60共价网络 (a, b)单层准六方相C60; (c, d)少层准四方相C60; (e)单层准六方相C60纳米片的电子能带结构; (f)单层准六方相C60纳米片的角分辨拉曼光谱; (g)单层准六方相C60器件的电导率; (h) Mg4C60单晶的光学显微照片; (i) C60, 块状Graphullerite和双层Graphullerene的光致发光光谱; (j) Graphullerite薄片和C60单晶在室温下的导热系数

Figure 7. Fullerene covalent network (a, b) Monolayer quasi-hexagonal phase C60; (c, d) few-layer quasi-tetragonal phase C60; (e) electronic band structure of the monolayer quasi-hexagonal phase C60 nanosheets; (f) angle-resolved Raman spectrum of monolayer quasi-hexagonal phase C60; (g) the conductivities of a monolayer quasi-hexagonal phase C60 device; (h) optical micrograph of a Mg4C60 single crystal; (i) photoluminescence spectra of molecular C60, bulk graphullerite and bilayer graphullerene; (j) thermal conductivities of a graphullerite flake and a C60 single crystal at room temperature. Reproduced with permission from ref. [35], copyright 2023 The Authors; ref. [36], copyright 2022 The Authors

催化剂	底物	反应时间/min	反应温度/℃	砜化率/%	转化速率/(mmol•g^－1•h^－1)	稳定性
ZrO₂-[PMo₁₂O₄₀]^3－ SNBs	DPS	25	25	100	14.4	5次循环后保持100%
	MPS	25	25	100	14.4
	DBT	30	50	78	9.36
TiO₂-[PMo₁₂O₄₀]^3－ SNBs	DPS	10	25	100	36.0	5次循环后保持100%
	MPS	10	25	100	36.0
	DBT	15	50	100	24.0
ZnO-Zn(OH)₂-Mo₆O₁₉亚纳米片(SNSs)	THT	3	20	100	170.1
	MPS	3	20	100	127.2
	DPS	2	20	100	134.4
	DBT	50	20	100	4.9
ZnO-Zn(OH)₂-Mo₈O₂₆ SNSs	THT	2	20	100	255.2
	MPS	2	20	100	190.8
	DPS	1	20	100	268.9
	DBT	25	20	100	9.8
ZnO-PMo₁₂O₄₀ SNSs	THT	2	20	100	255.2	6次循环后保持100%
	MPS	2	20	100	190.8
	DPS	3	20	100	89.6
	DBT	50	20	100	4.9

表1. 亚纳米二元异质结构的硫醚氧化催化活性

Table 1. Catalytic activity of thioether oxidation in subnanometer binary heterostructures

图8. 亚纳米异质结构用于光电催化和光热转换 (a)单层二维卟啉-金属有机框架(MOF)结构及(b)其光电催化CO2还原为C2产物的性能; (c) Au-PW12 SNWs结构及(d)其光电催化CO2制CO性能; (e)金属酞菁-多酸夹心纳米片结构及(f)其光电催化CO2还原CO性能; (g)CuO-PMA SNSs形貌; (h) CuO-PMA SNSs分散液辐照下的升温曲线及(i)其在不同时间点的光热图像

Figure 8. Subnanometer heterostructures used for photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal conversion (a) Monolayer 2D porphyrin-metal organic framework(MOF) structure and (b) its performance in photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to C2 products; (c) structure of Au-PW12 SNWs and (d) their performance in photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO; (e) structure of metal phthalocyanine-polyoxo- metalate sandwich nanosheets and (f) their performance in photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO; (g) morphology of CuO-PMA SNSs; (h) heating curves and (i) photothermal images of CuO-PMA SNSs dispersions at different time points under irradiation. Reproduced with permission from ref. [40], copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH; ref. [41], copyright 2021 American Chemical Society; ref. [42], copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH; ref. [43], copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.

图9. 亚纳米合金用于电催化氢氧化反应 (a, b) RhMo SNSs的形貌表征; (c) RhMo SNSs的原子模型示意图(Rh, 白色; Mo, 紫色); (d) RhMo SNSs/C, Rh/C和Pt/C的质量活性和比活性; (e)高熵合金(HEAs) SNWs的形貌表征; (f)相对可逆标准氢电极过电位为50 mV时, HEA SNWs/C, HEA NPs/C, PtRu/C和Pt/C的归一化质量活性和比活性; (g) HEA SNWs的三维模型和放大的原子模型

Figure 9. Subnanometer alloys used for the electrocatalytic hydrogen oxidation reaction (a, b) Morphology characterizations of RhMo SNSs; (c) the schematic atom model of RhMo SNSs (Rh, white; Mo, purple); (d) mass and specific activities of RhMo SNSs/C, Rh/C, and Pt/C; (e) the morphology characterization of high-entropy alloys (HEA) SNWs; (f) normalized mass activity and specific activity at an overpotential of 50 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode; (g) 3D models and the enlarged atomic model of HEA SNWs. Reproduced with permission from ref. [44], copyright 2023 The Authors; ref. [46], copyright 2023 The Authors.

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亚纳米尺度材料表面原子重排与电子离域^★

Surface Atom Rearrangement and Electron Delocalization of the Sub-nanometric Materials^★

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亚纳米尺度材料表面原子重排与电子离域★

Surface Atom Rearrangement and Electron Delocalization of the Sub-nanometric Materials★

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摘要/Abstract

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图/表 10

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亚纳米尺度材料表面原子重排与电子离域^★

Surface Atom Rearrangement and Electron Delocalization of the Sub-nanometric Materials^★