基于苝二酰亚胺的光催化抗菌体系及其应用进展

doi:10.6023/A26030077

化学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 84 ›› Issue (7): 1197-1210.DOI: 10.6023/A26030077 上一篇下一篇

综述

基于苝二酰亚胺的光催化抗菌体系及其应用进展

徐慧妍^a^,^b, 王爱珠^a, 丁龙华^a^,^*(), 于欣^a^,^*()

^a 济南大学前沿交叉科学研究院前沿交叉科学研究院济南 250022
^b 济南大学智能材料与工程研究院智能材料与工程研究院济南 250022

投稿日期:2026-03-19 发布日期:2026-05-08

作者简介:

徐慧妍, 济南大学智能材料与工程研究院讲师, 硕士生导师. 2018年博士毕业于西安交通大学, 2015~2017年在香港城市大学攻读博士学位. 主要研究方向为纳米材料微纳结构设计及其在节能、催化及生物治疗等领域的应用研究. 以第一/通讯作者在Adv. Funct. Mater., Small, Rare Metals等学术期刊上发表论文十余篇. 授权国家发明专利5项.

王爱珠, 济南大学前沿交叉科学研究院副教授, 硕士生导师. 2016年博士毕业于山东大学, 2015~2016博士期间曾赴昆士兰科技大学联合培养, 2016~2018加入新加坡国立大学做 Research Fellow, 随后加入济南大学前沿交叉科学研究院. 主要研究方向为低维纳米材料电学、磁学、光学和力学性质的理论研究及其潜在的应用分析; 新型 2D Dirac 材料及其拓扑特效的理论设计与预测; 氧化还原反应等方面的研究. 在ACS Nano, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., Nano Res.等国际核心刊物上公开发表学术论文70余篇.

丁龙华, 济南大学前沿交叉科学研究院副教授, 硕士生导师. 2015年博士毕业于浙江大学, 随后加入济南大学工作. 主要从事功能纳米材料的设计制备; 基于有机、无机复合材料在电催化、电容器方面的应用; 生物传感器的设计和构建包括电分析、荧光分析、比色分析等; 基于半导体复合材料在光/电催化方面的应用研究. 在包括Adv. Funct. Mater., Anal. Chem., Sens. Actuat. B-Chem等学术期刊上发表论文30余篇.

于欣, 济南大学前沿交叉科学研究院教授, 副院长, 博士生导师, 国家基金委优青, 山东省杰青, 泰山学者青年专家. 于2017年在中国科学院大学获得博士学位. 主要聚焦纳米催化材料在生物治疗及传感与器件领域, 开展多学科交叉的基础与应用研究. 以第一/通讯作者在Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Adv. Mater., ACS Nano等学术期刊上发表论文70余篇. 担任Advanced Antibacterial Materials杂志的编委, BMEMat杂志的学术副主编, IJMMM的学术编辑等, 现为第七届中国青年科技工作者协会会员, 山东省高层人才发展促进会会员.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52422213); 国家自然科学基金(52722212)

Advances in Perylene Diimide-Based Photocatalytic Antibacterial Systems and Their Applications

Huiyan Xu^a^,^b, Aizhu Wang^a, Longhua Ding^a^,^*(), Xin Yu^a^,^*()

^a Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
^b Institute for Smart Materials and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

Received:2026-03-19 Published:2026-05-08
Contact: * E-mail: bio_dinglh@ujn.edu.cn; ifc_yux@ujn.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52422213); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52722212)

文章分享

摘要/Abstract

光催化抗菌技术因其不易诱导耐药性及良好的可持续性, 已成为应对细菌感染与环境污染的重要研究方向. 作为一类典型的有机半导体材料, 苝二酰亚胺(perylene diimide, PDI)因其可调的分子结构、优异的光吸收能力、稳定的π共轭体系以及良好的光电性能, 在光催化抗菌领域展现出独特优势. 本文系统综述了PDI基光催化抗菌体系的最新研究进展. 首先, 从分子结构特征与光电性质出发, 归纳了PDI材料的能带调控及光生载流子行为, 并阐明其介导活性氧物种生成的抗菌机制. 在此基础上, 重点总结了提升光催化抗菌性能的关键策略, 包括分子工程调控、异质结构构建与掺杂改性以增强光吸收与载流子分离效率, 以及界面电荷调控与功能基团引入以强化材料-细菌相互作用, 实现高效细菌捕获与局域协同杀菌效果. 同时, 概述了光催化与酶催化、光热及声动力等多效应耦合的协同抗菌模式. 进一步, 归纳了其在水体净化与细菌感染治疗中的应用进展, 并对生物安全性、复杂环境适应性及临床转化等发展方向进行了展望.

关键词: 光催化, 抗菌, 苝二酰亚胺, 活性氧物种, 结构调控

Photocatalytic antibacterial technology has become an important research direction for addressing bacterial infections and environmental pollution. This is due to its low risk of inducing bacterial resistance and its strong sustainability. As a typical organic semiconductor, perylene diimide (PDI) shows unique advantages in this field. It has a tunable molecular structure, strong light absorption ability, and a stable π-conjugated system. It also exhibits favorable photoelectronic properties. This review summarizes recent progress in PDI-based photocatalytic antibacterial systems. First, the band structure modulation and photogenerated charge carrier behavior of PDI materials are discussed from the perspectives of molecular structure and photoelectronic properties. The antibacterial mechanism mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also explained. Then, key strategies to improve antibacterial performance are summarized. These include molecular engineering, heterostructure construction, and doping modification. These approaches enhance light absorption and charge separation. Interfacial charge regulation and functional group introduction are also discussed. These strategies strengthen material-bacteria interactions. They enable efficient bacterial capture and localized synergistic killing. In addition, synergistic antibacterial modes are summarized. These combine photocatalysis with enzyme catalysis, photothermal effects, and sonodynamic effects. Finally, applications in water purification and bacterial infection therapy are reviewed. Perspectives are provided on biosafety, performance in complex environments, and clinical translation.

Key words: photocatalysis, antibacterial activity, perylene diimide, reactive oxygen species, structural regulation

引用此文

徐慧妍, 王爱珠, 丁龙华, 于欣. 基于苝二酰亚胺的光催化抗菌体系及其应用进展[J]. 化学学报, 2026, 84(7): 1197-1210.

Huiyan Xu, Aizhu Wang, Longhua Ding, Xin Yu. Advances in Perylene Diimide-Based Photocatalytic Antibacterial Systems and Their Applications[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(7): 1197-1210.

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图/表 11

图1. 基于PDI的光催化材料的抗菌机理及应用

Figure 1. Antibacterial mechanisms and applications of PDI-based photocatalytic materials

图2. PDI的单分子(a)球棍模型及(b)结构

Figure 2. Single-molecule PDI: (a) ball-and-stick model and (b) molecular structure

Figure 3. (a) Schematic illustration of the electronic energy levels of self-assembled PDI supramolecules and the catalytic reaction mechanism under visible light. Reprinted with permission from ref. [33]. Copy right © 2016 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (b) π-π stacking interlayer distance between PDI molecules. Reprinted with permission from ref. [34]. Copy right © 2018 Elsevier

Figure 4. Effect of supramolecular stacking modes on electron and energy transfer processes in H- and J-aggregated PDI photocatalysts. Reprinted with permission from ref. [34]. Copy right © 2018 Elsevier

图5. (a) PNU光催化抗菌的机理图. 已获得参考文献[43]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier. (b) Ag@AgCl/PDI复合体系中载流子分离示意图. 已获得参考文献[44]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier. (c) PTCDA与EDA-PTCDA的激发态电荷密度差异. (d)前沿轨道与能级. (e)光催化反应示意图. 已获得参考文献[47]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) D-A界面电场促进的光催化抗菌机理示意图. 已获得参考文献[48]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2016 Wiley-VCH GmbH

Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of PNU. Reprinted with permission from ref. [43]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (b) Schematic diagram of charge carrier separation in the Ag@AgCl/PDI composite system. Reprinted with permission from ref. [44]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (c) Difference in excited-state charge density between PTCDA and EDA-PTCDA. (d) Frontier orbitals and energy levels. (e) Schematic illustration of the photocatalytic reaction process. Reprinted with permission from ref. [47]. Copy right © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) Schematic diagram of the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism facilitated by the D-A interfacial electric field. Reprinted with permission from ref. [48]. Copy right © 2016 Wiley-VCH GmbH

Figure 6. (a) Band structures of oPDI, mPDI, and pPDI. (b) Surface electrostatic potentials and dipole moments. Reprinted with permission from ref. [52]. Copy right © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (c) Chemical structure of PDIMH. Reprinted with permission from ref. [54]. Copy right © 2022 Elsevier

图7. (a) PDI/Sn3O4的TEM图像. PDI/Sn3O4异质结构处理后的(b) E. coli和(c) S. aureus的SEM图像. 已获得参考文献[60]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2021 Wiley-VCH. (d, e) GO上的羧基与经光激发活化的氨基之间的反应机理. 材料捕获细菌后的自然沉降实验: (f) E. coli, (g) S. aureus. 已获得参考文献[61]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier

Figure 7. (a) TEM image of PDI/Sn3O4. SEM images of (b) E. coli and (c) S. aureus after treatment with the PDI/Sn3O4 heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [60]. Copy right © 2021 Wiley-VCH. (d, e) Reaction mechanism between carboxyl groups on GO and photoactivated amino groups. Natural sedimentation experiments of bacteria captured by the material: (f) E. coli, (g) S. aureus. Reprinted with permission from ref. [61]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier

图8. (a)光催化与Ag+释放协同杀菌机理图. (b)杀菌后的S. aureus形貌图. 已获得参考文献[63]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2021 Elsevier. (c) PDI/GO光催化与自芬顿协同杀菌机理图. (d)光-自芬顿协同产生•OH. 已获得参考文献[64]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 Elsevier. (e) Co-N-C/PDI的光催化与自芬顿协同杀菌机理图. (f) Co-N-C/PDI的磁滞回线及磁分离性能. 已获得参考文献[28]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier

Figure 8. (a) Schematic illustration of the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of photocatalysis and Ag+ release. (b) Morphology of S. aureus after antibacterial treatment. Reprinted with permission from ref. [63]. Copy right © 2021 Elsevier. (c) Schematic of the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of PDI/GO combining photocatalysis and photo-Fenton-like reactions. (d) •OH generation via photocatalysis-photo-Fenton synergy. Reprinted with permission from ref. [64]. Copy right © 2025 Elsevier. (e) Schematic of the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of Co-N-C/PDI combining photocatalysis and photo-Fenton-like reactions. (f) Magnetic hysteresis loop and magnetic separation performance of Co-N-C/PDI. Reprinted with permission from ref. [28]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier

图9. (a) Cu2O/PDI异质结抗菌机理示意图. 已获得参考文献[71]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier. (b) Cu2N0.02O0.98/PDI光催化抗菌活性增强机理. 已获得参考文献[72]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 Elsevier. (c) PDI@MTi异质结的优化结构及电荷密度差的切片法示意图. (d) PDI@MTi纳米复合材料光催化处理细菌的反应机理. 已获得参考文献[73]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2022 Elsevier

Figure 9. (a) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of the Cu2O/PDI heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [71]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (b) The mechanisms of enhanced photocatalytic antibacterial activity of Cu2N0.02O0.98/PDI. Reprinted with permission from ref. [72]. Copy right © 2025 Elsevier. (c) Optimized structure of the PDI@MTi heterostructure and schematic of the slice method for charge density difference. (d) Reaction mechanism of bacterial photocatalytic treatment by PDI@MTi nanocomposites. Reprinted with permission from ref. [73]. Copy right © 2022 Elsevier

图10. (a) PDINH/GO的细胞毒性测试, (b)划痕实验(c)相关蛋白的表达. 已获得参考文献[61]的转载许可, 版权所有©2023 Elsevier. (d) Sn3O4/PDI异质结构杀菌机制示意图; (e) Sn3O4/PDI异质结构的抗感染治疗效果. 已获得参考文献[60]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) C3N4/PDI不同时间处理下的细菌活死染色; (g) C3N4/PDI异质结构体外抗菌活性. 已获得参考文献[75]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2019 Wiley-VCH GmbH

Figure 10. (a) Cytotoxicity assay of PDINH/GO. (b) Scratch wound healing assay. (c) Expression of related proteins. Reprinted with permission from ref. [61]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (d) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of the Sn3O4/PDI heterostructure. (e) Antibacterial and anti-infection efficacy of the Sn3O4/PDI heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [60]. Copy right © 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) Live/dead staining of bacteria after treatment with C3N4/PDI for different durations. (g) In vitro antibacterial activity of the C3N4/PDI heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [75]. Copy right © 2019 Wiley-VCH GmbH

复合材料	作用菌种	光源	杀菌效率	循环稳定性	生物安全性	PDI 核心功能	文献
PDI/NH₂-UiO-66	E. coli S. aureus	可见光	>99%	5次无明显下降	低毒	光敏单元电子桥	[43]
Ag@AgCl/PDI	MRSA	可见光	97%、95%	5次稳定	良好 (无金属)	光敏单元捕获活化剂	[44]
Co-N-C/PDI	E. coli S. aureus	可见光	>99%	8次 (磁分离)	良好	光敏单元 H₂O₂原位源	[28]
Cu₂O/PDI	S. aureus P. aeruginosa	全光谱	30 d仍>90%	10次稳定	低毒 (低金属泄漏)	光敏单元抗腐蚀	[71]
Sn₃O₄/PDI	E. coli S. aureus MRSA	可见-近红外	>99%	5次高效	极低毒促细胞增殖	光敏单元细菌捕获	[60]

表1. 典型PDI基光催化抗菌材料性能对比

Table 1. Performance comparison of typical PDI-based photocatalytic antibacterial materials

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基于苝二酰亚胺的光催化抗菌体系及其应用进展

Advances in Perylene Diimide-Based Photocatalytic Antibacterial Systems and Their Applications

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