有机化学 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 1194-1205.DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202407035 上一篇    下一篇

综述与进展

基于共价键形成与切断的反应型小分子荧光探针的研究进展

沈晴, 曾玉, 黎忠昊, 曹西颖*(), 郭玉婷, 叶蕴仪, 汪朝阳*()   

  1. 华南师范大学化学学院 教育部环境理论化学重点实验室 广州市生物医学分析化学重点实验室 GDMPA手性药物过程控制与质量评价重点实验室 广州 510006
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22 修回日期:2024-09-09 发布日期:2024-10-18
  • 基金资助:
    广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021A1515012342)

Research Progress on Reactive Small Molecule Fluorescent Probes Based on the Formation and Cleavage of Covalent Bond

Qing Shen, Yu Zeng, Zhonghao Li, Xiying Cao(), Yuting Guo, Yunyi Ye, Zhaoyang Wang()   

  1. GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006
  • Received:2024-07-22 Revised:2024-09-09 Published:2024-10-18
  • Contact: * E-mail: wangzy@scnu.edu.cn, 2021022671@m.scnu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515012342)

基于共价键形成与切断的荧光探针主要是通过探针与分析物发生特定的化学识别反应, 遇到分析物后, 原探针的活性化学键与之发生选择性的切断或取代反应, 新的生成物使体系中的荧光信号(荧光强度、发射波长等)发生变化, 从而实现对特定分析物的检测. 近年来, 这类荧光探针因其高的特异选择性和灵敏度受到越来越多的关注. 根据其活性化学键与分析物的反应方式不同, 将这类探针进一步细分为分解型反应和化合型反应两大类, 基于此分类, 综述了基于共价键形成与切断的小分子荧光探针的分子设计与合成, 与分析物的作用机理, 以及对金属离子、无机阴离子、无机小分子、有机小分子及生物活性分子等各种检测应用, 特别是重点概括了近5年来的进展. 对基于共价键形成与切断的荧光探针的构建, 展望未来, 进一步扩大其应用领域, 特别是加大符合绿色化学原则、涉及化合型反应机理的新探针的设计与应用, 仍有必要.

关键词: 荧光探针, 共价键的形成与切断, 分解型反应, 化合型反应, 分子设计, 传感机理, 检测应用

Fluorescent probes based on covalent bond formation and cleavage mainly undergo specific chemical recognition reactions between the probe and the analyte. After meeting with the analyte, the active chemical bonds in the original probe molecule undergo selective cleavage or substitution reaction, and new product changes the fluorescence signal (fluorescence intensity, emission wavelength, etc.) in the system, thereby achieving the detection of specific analytes. In recent years, these reactive fluorescent probes have received increasing attention due to their high specific selectivity, and sensitivity. Therefore, based on the different reaction modes between their active chemical bonds and analytes, these reactive small molecule fluorescent probes involving the formation and cleavage of covalent bond are further divided into two categories as decomposition type reaction and combination type reaction probes. According to this classification, the molecular design and synthesis of small molecule fluorescent probes based on covalent bond formation and cleavage, the mechanism of interaction with analytes, and various detection applications in detecting metal ions, inorganic anions, inorganic small molecules, organic small molecules, biologically active molecules, etc., are systematically reviewed, with a particular focus on summarizing their progresses in the past five years. Due to the fact that probes by the combination type reaction mechanism have both adsorption and removal functions, they are highly compatible with the current advocacy of green chemistry. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to further expand the application fields of fluorescent probes based on covalent bond formation and cleavage, especially to strengthen the design and application of novel probes involving in the mechanism of the combination type reaction due to its being highly in line with the principles of green chemistry when the analyte is harmful.

Key words: fluorescent probe, formation and cleavage of covalent bond, decomposition type reaction, combination type reaction, molecular design, sensing mechanism, detection application