Magnetic Functional Material: An Efficient Catalyst for Preparing Biodiesel

doi:10.6023/cjoc202412006

Abstract

Biodiesel is a kind of renewable diesel fuel composed of long-chain fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which can be used as an alternative fuel to alleviate energy shortage and environmental problems. Vigorously developing biodiesel has important strategic significance for sustainable economic development and promoting energy substitution. The transesterification and esterification processes can be used to prepare biodiesel due to their low complexity and high affordability. Heterogeneous catalysts have the advantages of higher transesterification rate, more environmental protection and relatively simple post-treatment process, but there are still some limitations in separation and recovery. Magnetic nanoparticles can solve this problem because of their high surface area and active sites, which are easy to be recovered and reused by magnetic field. The preparation methods, functionalization and catalytic applications of magnetic functional materials, including superparamagnetic acid, alkali, enzyme and acid-base bifunctional materials which can be used to synthesize biodiesel, are reviewed, which is of guiding significance to the future research in the field of magnetic nano-catalysts and biodiesel.

Key words: magnetism, nano-particle, biodiesel, acid-base, enzyme, transesterification

Cite this article

Juan Qu, Anguo Ying. Magnetic Functional Material: An Efficient Catalyst for Preparing Biodiesel[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2025, 45(7): 2313-2325.

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References 113

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Feature	MNPs	TICs
Catalytic activity	High	Lower
Recoverability	Magnetic recovery	Difficult to recycle
Stability	Less stable	Stable
Manufacturing cost	Higher	Lower

Feature	MNPs	TICs
Catalytic activity	High	Lower
Recoverability	Magnetic recovery	Difficult to recycle
Stability	Less stable	Stable
Manufacturing cost	Higher	Lower

Catalyst	Feedstocks	Rection condition	Yield^a/%	Reuse time	Ref.
S₂O₈²⁻/ZrO₂‑TiO₂‑Fe₃O₄	Styrax confusus Hemsl oil	1.5 h, 100 ℃, ω=5%, 8∶1	90.02	4	[33]
Magnetic solid acid catalyst	Waste frying cooking oil	9 h, 70 ℃, 50 mg, 15∶1	98.90	6	[34]
Ni_0.5-_xZn_xFe₂O₄ (0≤x≤0.4)	Soybean oil	1 h, 180 ℃, ω=4%, 20∶1	85.00	4	[35]
Fe₃O₄@Al₂O₃	Waste cooking oil	2.95 h, 99.8 ℃, ω=5%, 32.1∶1	99.10	4	[36]
Zn_1-_xMn_xFe₂O₄ (0≤x≤0.5)	Used cooking oil	50 min, 65 ℃, ω=4%, 21∶1	98.30	10	[37]
SiO₂-SO₃H/CoFe₂O₄	Nephelium lappaceum oil	10 h, 65 ℃, ω=5%, 20∶1	95.00	5	[38]
AC-600-SO₃H@Fe/C	High acid value oil	10 h, 200 ℃, ω=10%, 24∶1	90.50	3	[39]
C-SO₃H@Fe/JHC	Jatropha oil	2 h, 90 ℃, ω=10%, 12∶1	96.70	3	[40]
FCHC-SO₃H	Oleic acid	3 h, 80 ℃, ω=4%, 15∶1	96.70	5	[41]
nM-CP-SO₃H	Sillettia pinnata seed oil	45 min, 65 ℃, 3 g, 11∶1	98.70	5	[42]
ZrFe-SA-SO₃H	Oleic acid	4 h, 90 ℃, ω=9%, 12∶1	96.60	5	[43]
Fe₃O₄-PDA-SO₃H	Levulinic acid	5 h, 90 ℃, ω=20%, 11∶1	95.87	6	[44]
Fe₃O₄@GO@PBIL	Thlaspi arvense L. Seed oil	4 h, 60 ℃, ω=25%, 10∶1	92.38	6	[45]
CoFe₂O₄-SL(n)	Oleic acid	6 h, 100 ℃, ω=9%, 10∶1	80.00	5	[46]
MCMSA	Wet microalgae	6 h, 800 ℃, ω=5%, 10∶1	98.51	5	[47]
MTCRH(0.1)@SO₃H_ii	Oleic acid	4.8 h, 74.8 ℃, ω=9.9%, 16∶1	98.11	6	[48]
Zn_0.4Ni_0.6Fe₂O₄@SO₃H	Salicornia seeds oil	4 h, 60 ℃, ω=5%, 5∶1	96.00	5	[40]
MSNC	Oleic acid	5 h, 80 ℃, ω=075%, 2∶1	96.00	5	[50]

Catalyst	Feedstocks	Rection condition	Yield^a/%	Reuse time	Ref.
S₂O₈²⁻/ZrO₂‑TiO₂‑Fe₃O₄	Styrax confusus Hemsl oil	1.5 h, 100 ℃, ω=5%, 8∶1	90.02	4	[33]
Magnetic solid acid catalyst	Waste frying cooking oil	9 h, 70 ℃, 50 mg, 15∶1	98.90	6	[34]
Ni_0.5-_xZn_xFe₂O₄ (0≤x≤0.4)	Soybean oil	1 h, 180 ℃, ω=4%, 20∶1	85.00	4	[35]
Fe₃O₄@Al₂O₃	Waste cooking oil	2.95 h, 99.8 ℃, ω=5%, 32.1∶1	99.10	4	[36]
Zn_1-_xMn_xFe₂O₄ (0≤x≤0.5)	Used cooking oil	50 min, 65 ℃, ω=4%, 21∶1	98.30	10	[37]
SiO₂-SO₃H/CoFe₂O₄	Nephelium lappaceum oil	10 h, 65 ℃, ω=5%, 20∶1	95.00	5	[38]
AC-600-SO₃H@Fe/C	High acid value oil	10 h, 200 ℃, ω=10%, 24∶1	90.50	3	[39]
C-SO₃H@Fe/JHC	Jatropha oil	2 h, 90 ℃, ω=10%, 12∶1	96.70	3	[40]
FCHC-SO₃H	Oleic acid	3 h, 80 ℃, ω=4%, 15∶1	96.70	5	[41]
nM-CP-SO₃H	Sillettia pinnata seed oil	45 min, 65 ℃, 3 g, 11∶1	98.70	5	[42]
ZrFe-SA-SO₃H	Oleic acid	4 h, 90 ℃, ω=9%, 12∶1	96.60	5	[43]
Fe₃O₄-PDA-SO₃H	Levulinic acid	5 h, 90 ℃, ω=20%, 11∶1	95.87	6	[44]
Fe₃O₄@GO@PBIL	Thlaspi arvense L. Seed oil	4 h, 60 ℃, ω=25%, 10∶1	92.38	6	[45]
CoFe₂O₄-SL(n)	Oleic acid	6 h, 100 ℃, ω=9%, 10∶1	80.00	5	[46]
MCMSA	Wet microalgae	6 h, 800 ℃, ω=5%, 10∶1	98.51	5	[47]
MTCRH(0.1)@SO₃H_ii	Oleic acid	4.8 h, 74.8 ℃, ω=9.9%, 16∶1	98.11	6	[48]
Zn_0.4Ni_0.6Fe₂O₄@SO₃H	Salicornia seeds oil	4 h, 60 ℃, ω=5%, 5∶1	96.00	5	[40]
MSNC	Oleic acid	5 h, 80 ℃, ω=075%, 2∶1	96.00	5	[50]

Catalyst	Feedstocks	Rection condition	Yield^a/%	Reuse time	Ref.
MgFe₂O₄@CaO	Soybean oil	3 h, 70 ℃, ω=1%, 12∶1	98.30	5	[61]
CaO@(Sr₂Fe₂O₅-Fe₂O₃)	Soybean oil	2 h, 70 ℃, ω=0.5%, 12∶1	94.90	5	[62]
Ca/Fe₃O₄@SiO₂	Waste sunflower oil	5 h, 65 ℃, ω=8%, 15∶1	97.00	6	[63]
CaO@γ-Fe₂O₃	Soybean oil	3 h, 70 ℃, ω=2.0%, 15∶1	98.00	4	[64]
SrO/CoFe₂O₄	Babassu oil	3 h, 60 ℃, ω=4%, 15∶1	96.00	4	[65]
Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@CPTMS@amine	Soybean oil	3 h, 160 ℃, ω=6%, 36∶1	98.00	2	[66]
K/BC-Fe₂O₃	soybean oil	1 h, 60 ℃, ω=2.5%, 8∶1	98.00	4	[67]
ZnO/BiFeO₃	Canola oil	6 h, 65 ℃, ω=4%, 15∶1	95.43	5	[68]
(CaO-Y₂O₃)@LiFe₅O₈	Palm oil	4.36 h, 64.96 ℃, ω=3.73%, 13∶1	96.21	4	[69]
K/Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃	Microalgae	4 h, 65 ℃, ω=4%, 6∶1	95.60	6	[70]
Ca₈₀Fe₂₀	Palm oil	2 h, 65 ℃, ω=11%, 12∶1	96.12	5	[71]
Fe₃O₄/Cs₂O	Tannery waste	5 h, 65 ℃, ω=7%, 21∶1	97.10	9	[72]
CS2	Waste frying oil	0.5 h, 60 ℃, ω=3%, 18∶1	90.24	5	[73]
PEG/MgO/ZSM-5@Fe₃O₄	Spirulina platensis	40 min, 70 ℃, ω=2%, 8∶1	95.80	6	[74]
Fe₃O₄@PS-PTMG	Soybean oil	6 h, 60 ℃, ω=3%, 15∶1	98.60	5	[75]
ISnO	Pongamia pinnata oil	2 h, 60 ℃, 1 g, 10∶1	99.00	5	[76]
Fe₃O₄/SiO₂@ZnO	Waste cooking oil	30.13 min, 50 ℃, ω=2.67%, 9.90∶1	97.23	7	[77]
CaO/Fe₂O₃/Feldspar	Waste oils	6 h, 40 ℃, ω=1.0%, 5∶1	99.90	4	[78]
Fe₃O₄•Cs₂O	Madhuca indica oil	5 h, 65 ℃, ω=7%, 18∶1	97.40	12	[79]
Na₂SiO₃@Fe₃O₄/C	Soybean oil	20 min, 65 ℃, ω=5%, 7∶1	97.90	5	[80]
Na₂SiO₃@Ni/JRC	Jatropha-hull	2 h, 90 ℃, ω=10%, 12∶1	96.70	3	[40]
KOH/Fe₃O₄@Al₂O₃	Canola oil	6 h, 65 ℃, ω=6%, 12∶1	98.80	6	[81]
KOH/ZSM-5-Fe₃O₄	Canola oil	3.26 h, 65 ℃, ω=9.03%, 12.3∶1	93.65	5	[82]
KOH/Fe₃O₄@γ-Al₂O₃	Canola oil	5.43 h, 65 ℃, ω=6.45%, 16.14∶1	97.40	3	[83]
Na₂SiO₃/Fe₃O₄-SBC₆₀₀	Soybean oil	3 h, 65 ℃, ω=8%, 13∶1	96.50	8	[84]
KF/KOH-Fe₃O₄	Microalgae	2 h, 25 ℃, ω=1.5%, 6∶1	96.80	5	[85]

磁性功能材料: 一种制备生物柴油的高效催化剂