Research Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Surgical Navigation Probes

doi:10.6023/cjoc202401019

Abstract

Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging technology has been proved to be an effective method for locating tumor sites, identifying tumor boundaries, and distinguishing tumor cells from normal tissues in surgery. The development of high-quality NIRF probes is crucial for the complete elimination of tumors. However, traditional fluorescent probes can produce fluorescence signals in both cancer tissues and healthy tissues and have no cancer targeting, which lead to relatively high background signals and poor specificity. People have gradually developed fluorescent probes with more clinical transformation value through nano-modification, coupling tumor targeting ligands and biomarker activation, etc. In addition, near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescent probes have gradually become a research hotspot. This review focuses on the structure and properties of fluorescent probes for fluorescence-based surgical navigation. At the same time, passive targeting, active targeting, activating fluorescent probes and NIR-II fluorescent probes are comprehensively described, and the challenges are analyzed. Possible solutions are discussed in order to promote the clinical application of near-infrared fluorescence-based surgical navigation technology.

Key words: near-infrared fluorescence imaging, fluorescence surgery navigation, fluorescent probe

Cite this article

Wenyan Zhang, Dan Wang, Renjie Luo, Huiling Liu. Research Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Surgical Navigation Probes[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2024, 44(6): 1760-1776.

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Fig. & Tab. 24

Figure 1. Molecular structure of cyanine dye

Figure 2. Molecular structures of ICG (a) and IRDyeCW800 (b)

Figure 3. Molecular structures of dyes 1 and 2

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of indocyanine green (ICG)- coated polycaprolactone (PCL) micelles

Scheme 1. Coupling schematic diagram of IRDye800CW dye and antibody

Figure 5. Molecular structures of dyes 3 and 4

Scheme 2. Schematic diagram of the synthesis of Probe 1

Figure 6. Molecular structures of dyes 5 and 6

Figure 7. Molecular structures of EC-17 (a), OTL38 (b), dye S0456 (c) and OTL78 (d)

Scheme 3. Probe 2 response diagram

Figure 8. (A) After intravenous injection of Probe 2 (20 mg/kg), fluorescence imaging performed on the subcutaneous tumor mouse model at different time points and (B) the procedure of NIR imaging-guided surgery[99]

Scheme 4. Probe 3 response diagram

Figure 9. (A) Representative fluorescence images of A549 tumor-bearing mice at different time points (0, 10, 20, 30, 60 min) after tumor injection of Probe 3 (100 μmol/L and 25 μL), (B) NIRF intensity of tumor, and (C) surgical sketch of tumor-bearing mice[104]

Scheme 5. (a) Traditional enzyme-activated probe response process and (b) release fluorophore process by self-eliminating group

Scheme 6. Probe 4 response diagram

Scheme 7. Probe 5 and Probe 6 response diagram

Scheme 8. Probe 7 response diagram

Figure 10. Molecular structures of Probe 8~Probe 13

Scheme 9. Probe 13 response diagram

Scheme 10. Probe 14 response diagram

Figure 11. Molecular structures of IR-26 (a), IR-1061 (b) and FD 1080 (c)

Figure 12. Molecular structures of Probe 15~Probe 17

Figure 13. Molecular structure of Probe 18

Figure 14. Near-infrared fluorescence and SPECT/CT images (a) In the mouse model of breast cancer subcutaneous tumor, fluorescence imaging was performed on mice after intravenous injection of 100 μg 111In-labeled Probe 18 without trastuzumab blocker (left) and Probe 18 with 1/25 trastuzumab blocker for 72 h (right). (b) SPECT/CT images of mice after intravenous injection of 100 μg 111In-labeled Probe 18 without trastuzumab blocker (left) and Probe 18 with 1/25 trastuzumab blocker for 72 h (right)[150]

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