关键词: 钙钛矿, 太阳能电池, 载流子复合, 二氧化钛, 膜厚度

Perovskite solar cells attract great attention due to its rapidly increasing efficiency. Conventional structure of perovskite solar cell contains FTO glass substrate, compact TiO₂ layer, mesoporous TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃ layer, hole transporting material layer and Au counter electrode. In this work, we fabricated perovskite solar cells with the above conventional structure. The mesoporous TiO₂ layer thickness are 500, 350, 150 and 100 nm. Thickness of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ capping layer is about 300 nm. The perovskite films and solar cells were characterized by SEM, XRD, UV-Vis absorption spectrum, photocurrent-photovoltage characteristics and electrochemical impedance spectra. XRD patterns of the perovskite films are similar, indicating the complete transfer from PbI₂ to CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Statistical results of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor and power conversion efficiency are compared, revealing that as mesoporous TiO₂ layer thickness increasing, both photovoltage and fill factor decrease whereas short-circuit current slightly increases. Solar cells with thinner mesoporous TiO₂ layer can give higher efficiency. Besides, the devices with 100 and 150 nm mesoporous TiO₂ layers can present the average efficiency of 15%. The decrement of efficiency is supposed to be caused by stronger carrier recombination. Electrochemical impedance spectra and current-voltage characteristics under dark condition were applied to characterize the carrier recombination process. Nyquist plots demonstrated an increment of the recombination as the mesoporous TiO₂ layer thickness increases. Charge transfer resistances were obtained by fitting Nyquist plots. The charge transfer resistances of solar cells with 100 and 350 nm mesoporous TiO₂ layer decrease with bias voltage exponentially in similar slope, indicating that this change of recombination do not influence the diode quality factor. Reverse saturated current density was obtained by fitting dark current-voltage curves. The reverse saturated current densities have positive correction with mesoporous TiO₂ layer thickness. As a conclusion, the change of the recombination is caused by reverse saturated current density rather than diode quality factor. Further investigation revealed that the devices with thinner mesoporous TiO₂ layers exhibit relatively stronger hysteresis behavior. 15.56% of certified efficiency has been obtained for the perovskite solar cell with 150 nm-thickness mesoporous TiO₂ layer.

Key words: perovskite, solar cell, carrier recombination, TiO₂, film thickness