螺芴基化合物的合成研究进展

doi:10.6023/cjoc202507025

有机化学 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 817-839.DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202507025 上一篇下一篇

综述与进展

螺芴基化合物的合成研究进展

韦翠, 刘金秋, 邓灿, 邹宁^*(), 周文俊^*()

内江师范学院化学与环境工程学院沱江流域特色农业资源四川省科技资源共享服务平台沱江流域特色农业资源四川省科技资源共享服务平台四川内江 641100

收稿日期:2025-07-19 修回日期:2025-10-26 发布日期:2025-11-19
通讯作者: 邹宁, 周文俊
基金资助:
四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC1127); 四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0284); 精细化工助剂及表明活性剂四川省高校重点实验室开放基金(2024JXY06); 内江师范学院校级科研重点项目(2024ZDZ01); 及大学生创新创业训练计划(X2024014)

Recent Advances on the Synthesis of Spirofluorene-Based Compounds

Cui Wei, Jinqiu Liu, Can Deng, Ning Zou^*(), Wenjun Zhou^*()

Special Agricultural Resources in Tuojiang River Basin Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100

Received:2025-07-19 Revised:2025-10-26 Published:2025-11-19
Contact: Ning Zou, Wenjun Zhou
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC1127); Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0284); Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Additives and Surfactants, Sichuan Provincial Universities(2024JXY06); Key Research Project of Neijiang Normal University(2024ZDZ01); Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(X2024014)

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摘要/Abstract

螺芴基骨架广泛存在于生物活性分子和各种功能材料中, 其独特的刚性和稳定性有助于提高器件的发光效率、热稳定性以及化学稳定性等, 因而成为药物分子与光电材料设计中备受关注的核心结构之一. 然而, 受其刚性与空间位阻影响, 该类化合物的高效合成仍具挑战性. 重点综述了近十年合成螺芴基化合物的新策略和新方法, 包括环化反应、环加成反应和C—H活化等, 为其他相关结构的高效制备提供参考.

关键词: 螺芴基化合物, 螺环化合物, 环加成反应, 环化反应, C—H活化

Spirofluorene-based skeletons, widely found in biologically active molecules and various functional materials, represent a privileged scaffold in pharmaceutical and optoelectronic design due to their unique rigidity and stability, which lead to improve device luminescence efficiency, thermal stability and chemical stability. Nevertheless, the efficient synthesis of these compounds remains challenging owing to the steric hindrance and rigidity inherent to their spirocyclic architecture. New strategies and methods developed over the past decade for the synthesis of spirofluorene-based compounds, including cyclization, cycloaddition, and C—H activation reactions, are reviewed, aiming to provide insights for the efficient preparation of related structures.

Key words: spirofluorene-based compound, spirocyclic compound, cycloaddition, cyclization, C—H activation

引用此文

韦翠, 刘金秋, 邓灿, 邹宁, 周文俊. 螺芴基化合物的合成研究进展[J]. 有机化学, 2026, 46(3): 817-839.

Cui Wei, Jinqiu Liu, Can Deng, Ning Zou, Wenjun Zhou. Recent Advances on the Synthesis of Spirofluorene-Based Compounds[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2026, 46(3): 817-839.

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图/表 44

图1. 一些含螺芴基骨架的生物活性分子和有机功能材料

Figure 1. Biologically active molecules and organic functional materials containing fluorene-based spirocyclic skeletons

图式1. 亲核加成/分子内螺环化串联反应构建螺二芴化合物

Scheme 1. Nucleophilic addition/intramolecular spirocyclization cascade reaction to construct spirobifluorenes

图式2. 铱催化二芳基化/环化串联反应构建螺二芴化合物

Scheme 2. Iridium(III)-catalyzed diarylation/annulation cascade reaction to construct spirobifluorenes

图式3. 铑催化对映选择性合成螺旋二螺二氢[2,1-c]茚芴衍生物

Scheme 3. Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of helical dispirodihydro[2,1-c]indenofluorene derivatives

图式4. FeCl3介导的氧化螺环化反应构建螺芴基化合物

Scheme 4. FeCl3-mediated oxidative spirocyclization to form fluorene-based spirocyclic compounds

图式5. FeCl3介导的氧化螺环化反应机理

Scheme 5. Mechanism of FeCl3-mediated oxidative spirocyclization reaction

图式6. 钯催化亚甲基环丙烷级联环化反应构建螺芴基化合物

Scheme 6. Pd(0)-catalyzed cascade cyclization of methylenecyclopropanes for the construction of fluorene-based spirocyclic compounds

图式7. 钯催化亚甲基环丙烷级联环化反应的可能机理

Scheme 7. Proposed mechanism for the palladium-catalyzed cascade cyclization of methylenecyclopropanes

图式8. 铜催化氧化脱氢脱芳构化反应构建螺芴基化合物

Scheme 8. Copper-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative dearomatization to construct fluorene-based spirocyclic compounds

图式9. 铜催化氧化脱氢脱芳构化反应构建芴基螺环化合物的机理

Scheme 9. Mechanism of synthesis of fluorene-based spirocyclic compounds by copper-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative dearomatization

图式10. 电化学氧化脱芳构螺环化反应构建螺芴基衍生物

Scheme 10. Electrochemical oxidation enabled radical dearomative spiroannulation for the synthesis of spirofluorene derivatives

图式11. 三氟甲磺酸催化分子内傅克反应构建螺芴基骨架

Scheme 11. CF3SO3H-catalyzed intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction for the synthesis of fluorene-based spirocyclic

图式12. [3＋2]环加成/[1,3]-重排策略构建螺芴基哌啶-4-酮

Scheme 12. Synthesis of spirofluorenylpiperidin-4-ones by [3＋2] cycloaddition/[1,3]-rearrangement strategy

图式13. [3＋2]环加成/1,3-迁移策略构建螺芴基吡咯烷酮

Scheme 13. Synthesis of spirofluorenepyrrolidinones by [3＋2] cycloaddition/[1,3]-shift

图式14. [3＋2]环加成/环收缩策略构建螺芴基-β-内酰胺

Scheme 14. [3＋2] cycloaddition/ring contraction to construct spirofluorenyl-β-lactams

图式15. [3＋3]环加成构建螺芴基-1,2,4-氧二氮杂环己烷-5-酮衍生物

Scheme 15. [3＋2] cycloaddition to form spirofluorenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazinan-5-ones

图式16. 吉莫斯特催化形式[4＋1]环化反应构建螺芴基吡咯啉化合物

Scheme 16. Gimeracil-catalyzed formal [4＋1] annulation for the synthesis of spirofluorenylpyrrolines

图式17. 吉莫斯特催化形式[4＋1]环化反应构建螺芴基吡咯啉化合物的反应机理

Scheme 17. Mechanism for gimeracil-catalyzed formal [4＋1] annulation for the synthesis of spirofluorenylpyrrolines

图式18. 分子间SNAr环化反应构建螺芴基四芳基甲烷骨架

Scheme 18. Intermolecular SNAr reactions to form fluorene-based spirocyclic tetraarylmethanes

图式19. Pd催化[3＋2]螺环化反应构建螺芴基结构化合物

Scheme 19. Pd-catalyzed [3＋2] spiroannulation to synthesize spirofluorene architectures compounds

图式20. Pd催化[3＋2]螺环化反应构建螺芴基化合物的反应机理

Scheme 20. Mechanism for Pd-catalyzed [3＋2] spiroannulation to access spirofluorene compounds

图式21. 三氟化硼促进螺环化反应构建螺芴基内酯

Scheme 21. BF3-promoted spiroannulation for the synthesis of fluorene-based spirolactones

图式22. 螺芴基内酯的合成机理

Scheme 22. Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of spirofluorene-based lactones

图式23. C—H键活化构建螺芴基苯并磺酰亚胺

Scheme 23. C—H bond activation to construct spirofluorenyl benzosultams

图式24. 钯(0)催化的[4＋1]螺环化反应一步构建[4,5]-螺芴基骨架

Scheme 24. Pd(0)-catalyzed [4＋1] spiroannulation for the one-step construction of [4,5]-spirofluorenes

图式25. 钯催化的[4＋1]螺环化反应构建螺芴基萘酮化合物

Scheme 25. Pd-catalyzed [4＋1] spiroannulation for the construction of spirofluorenyl naphthalenones

图式26. 钯催化选择性脱羧环化反应构建螺环化合物

Scheme 26. Pd-catalyzed selective decarboxylative annulation for the construction of spiro compounds

图式27. 钯催化选择性脱羧环化反应的机理

Scheme 27. Mechanism for Pd-catalyzed selective decarboxylative annulation

图式28. C—H活化构建螺二芴化合物

Scheme 28. C—H activation for the synthesis of spirobifluorenes

图式29. C—H活化构建螺[4,5]芴化合物

Scheme 29. C—H activation for the synthesis of spiro[4,5]fluorenes

图式30. 手性保持的傅克螺环化反应在螺桥共轭碳环迭代合成的应用

Scheme 30. Chirality retention in Friedel-Crafts spiroannulation for iterative synthesis of spiro-bridged conjugated carbocycles

图式31. N-烯基芴基硝酮的热重排反应构建螺芴基异噁唑啉

Scheme 31. Thermal rearrangements reaction of N-vinyl fluorenone nitrones to construct spirofluorenylisoxazolines

图式32. 交叉偶联/分子内Heck串联反应构建螺环化合物

Scheme 32. Cross-coupling and intramolecular Heck reaction to construct spirocyclic structures

图式33. 一锅法级联反应构建螺二氮杂芴

Scheme 33. One-pot cascade reaction to construct spiro‑diazafluorenes

图式34. 四氯化钛催化连续的傅克反应制备螺芴基吲哚酮

Scheme 34. TiCl4-catalyzed consistent Friedel-Crafts reaction to construct spirofluorenyl oxindoles

图式35. 四氯化钛催化连续傅克反应的机理

Scheme 35. Mechanism of the TiCl₄-catalyzed tandem Friedel- Crafts reactions

图式36. 钯催化双重碳芳基官能化反应制备螺芴基化合物

Scheme 36. Palladium-catalyzed C-aryl functionalization to prepare spirofluorenyl compouds

图式37. N-杂化卡宾催化的双迈克尔加成反应合成螺芴基化合物

Scheme 37. N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed double michael addition to synthesize spirofluorenes

图式38. N-杂化卡宾催化二乙烯基酮双迈克尔加成反应的可能机理

Scheme 38. Proposed mechanism for NHC-catalyzed double Michael addition of divinyl ketones (DVKs)

图式39. 闭环复分解和Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应合成螺芴基化合物

Scheme 39. Synthesis of spirofluorene derivatives via ring-closing metathesis and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions

图式40. [2＋2]环加成/开环串联反应合成螺吖啶化合物

Scheme 40. [2＋2] cycloaddition/ringopening sequence reaction to obtain spiroacridines

图式41. [2＋2]环加成/开环串联反应合成螺吖啶化合物的可能机理

Scheme 41. Probable mechanism for the synthesis of spiroacridines via a [2＋2] cycloaddition/ring-opening tandem reactions

图式42. 三氟甲磺酸促进分子间缩合反应一锅法制备螺芴基化合物

Scheme 42. Triflic acid-promoted intermolecular condensation reactions to prepare spirofluorenyl compouds in one-pot

图式43. 酸催化脱水偶联反应制备螺二芴

Scheme 43. Acid-catalyzed dehydration coupling reaction for the synthesis of spirobifluorenes

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螺芴基化合物的合成研究进展

Recent Advances on the Synthesis of Spirofluorene-Based Compounds

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