Photonic crystals (PCs) exhibit unique dynamic color-changing properties, making them highly promising for applications in smart displays, sensing, anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, soft robotics and flexible electronics. This kind of materials, made up of periodic structured materials with varying refractive indices or dielectric constants, exhibit unique optical properties, including photonic band gap (PBG), photon localization, slow photon effect and fluorescence enhancement. Especially, by forming PBG, photonic crystal can reflect specific visible wavelength to create vivid structural color. Based on the construction direction of the periodic structured materials, photonic crystals can be categorized into one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structures, each exhibiting unique optical properties. Among them, 3D photonic crystals have gained considerable attention due to the bottom-up straightforward and efficient fabrication methods by using colloidal particles. Over the past three decades, significant advancements have been made in 3D photonic crystal, driven by the development of various colloidal assembly techniques. These methods typically employ organic or inorganic microspheres embedded within functional polymer matrix, yielding 3D photonic structures such as opal, inverse opal, double-inverse opal, etc. Notably, 3D photonic crystals exhibit dynamic color responses to external stimuli, including temperature, pH, light, humidity, mechanical force, etc. The dynamic color changes arise from the adjustment of the 3D internal structure such as degree of ordering, effective refractive index (n_eff) and lattice spacing (d). Such color changes are highly stable and resistant to photobleaching, presenting significant advantages over traditional dyes and pigments. While numerous reviews discuss and analyze the synthesis and preparation of 3D photonic crystals, this review focuses on their critical role in dynamic responsive color changing systems, systematically detailing the mechanisms underlying structural color variation and illustrating their representative visual applications. Finally, this review outlines future development trends in dynamic 3D photonic crystal materials, with the aim of encouraging further exploration and expansion of their technological potential.

CO₂ emission is a serious global problem. CO₂ capture technology is indispensable to achieve the strategic goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in China. Ionic liquids as new media have attracted much attention in the field of CO₂ capture and separation due to their unique advantages of low volatility, good gas solubility and structure designability. This review focuses on research progresses of amino and non-amino functionalized ionic liquids, ionic liquid hybrid solvents, ionic liquid modified adsorbents and membranes for CO₂ capture and separation reported in the past five years. The influence of amino groups and electronegative functional sites on CO₂ separation performance and mechanism, and the role of functionalized ionic liquids in hybrid solvents, adsorbents and membranes were summarized. Finally, the future development direction and prospect of ionic liquid-based CO₂ capture technologies were also proposed.

Herein, a novel [4＋2] annulation of a wide range of sulfoxonium ylides and o-phenylenediamines was reported, which was catalyzed by cheap and commercially available copper catalyst. The research results indicated that under the optimal reaction conditions, the isolated yield was up to 93% with 10 mol% Cu(OAc)₂ as catalyst, 1.0 equiv. of NaOAc as additive and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) as solvent at 80 ℃ for 24 h. This method features cheap and commerial available catalyst, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope and excellent functional groups tolerance.

In recent years, multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials have attracted wide attention because of their excellent photophysical properties and electroluminescent performance. By introducing electron-deficient and electron-rich centers (such as boron and nitrogen atoms) in the framework of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the HOMO and LUMO can be separated on different atoms due to the opposite resonance effects, which can reduce the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE_ST) to achieve TADF properties. Compared with conventional donor-acceptor type TADF materials, MR-TADF materials have rigid skeletons and show short-range charge transfer characteristics, which are conducive to realizing narrowband luminescence with high color purity and high quantum efficiency, making them ideal luminescent materials and widely used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Since the first report of MR-TADF materials based on B,N-heteroarenes in 2016, significant progress has been achieved in the development of new materials. However, a timely summary on this topic is still lacking. In this review, the design strategy and synthetic method of MR-TADF materials based on B,N-heteroarenes are summarized, and the recent advances in the development of new molecular skeletons, the backbone modification strategy to tune the properties, and a novel type of chiral MR-TADF materials are discussed. It is expected that the current review would further promote the development and application of MR-TADF materials in the future.

Titanium-based metal organic frameworks (Ti-MOFs) have become a hot topic in current materials research due to their excellent photocatalytic activity. However, due to the extremely high reactivity and oxygenophilic properties of Ti ions, oxides and other competing by-products are easily formed during the reaction process, making the synthesis of Ti-MOFs extremely challenging. The research on Ti-MOFs was carried out simultaneously at the early stage of MOFs development, however, after more than two decades of development, only tens of Ti-MOFs have been reported, accounting for an extremely limited proportion of the tens of thousands of MOFs. In order to avoid or reduce the occurrence of titanium ion side reactions, Ti-MOFs are usually synthesized by introducing metal Ti ions into the framework of known MOFs to orientate the synthesis of Ti-MOFs, which is called post-synthetic method (PSM) and is also an effective method to construct Ti-MOF framework. The examples of PSM for constructing Ti-MOFs are systematically investigated and summarized in a timely manner. Firstly, based on the different ways and positions of titanium ion introduction, three routes are classified as ion exchange, ion insertion (introduction of titanium ion at the position of metal nodes or cluster units) and ligand modification (introduction of titanium ion at the position of organic ligands), and the Ti-MOFs constructed by each route are introduced by examples. Subsequently, the design and application of Ti-MOFs constructed by PSM and their composites are discussed. Finally, the current status of PSM-constructed Ti-MOFs is summarized and the future development direction is foreseen.

Over the past decades, thanks to the excellent directivity and stability of coordination bond between terpyridine and ruthenium ions, a large number of bis(terpyridine)-ruthenium(II) complexes have been constructed and reported through three synthetic strategies, i.e., direct coordination assembly, stepwise coordination assembly and post-assembly modification. Moreover, due to the unique photoelectric properties of bis(terpyridine)-ruthenium(II) complexes, these structures have shown great promise for applications in photothermal conversion, photovoltaic materials, electronic memory and anion exchange membranes. Therefore, this review summarizes the research progress of bis(terpyridine)-ruthenium(II) complexes with particular focus on small molecules, discrete supramolecules and polymers. Furthermore, current challenges and opportunities are briefly discussed.

The single atom photocatalyst exhibits a large surface area, exceptional catalytic activity, and selectivity, thereby enhancing reaction efficiency and minimizing the occurrence of side reactions. Its catalytic mechanism is easily comprehensible, rendering it uniquely promising for organic synthesis reactions. The single-atom photocatalysis, in addition to its excellent recyclability, represents a novel and environmentally friendly catalytic strategy that offers unique opportunities for organic photocatalytic synthesis chemistry. Although single-atom photocatalysis has received widespread attention in many fields, its application in organic synthesis research is still relatively rare and lacks a systematic summary. In order to enable readers to quickly understand the progress in this field, the present review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of single atom photocatalysts in various organic synthesis reactions over the past decade, classified according to bond formation involving C—C and C—X (X=N, O, S, P, B, etc.). Moreover, this review also elucidates the application range and underlying mechanisms involved in these reactions, aiming to lay the foundation for the development of new single-atom photocatalytic organic synthesis methods.

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system consists of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) sequences and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), characterized by its simple structure, easy modification, and strong gene editing ability. It has great potential for application in genome editing, transcriptional perturbation, epigenetic regulation, and other fields. Despite its significant advantages in gene editing, the CRISPR/Cas9 system fails to achieve precise spatial and temporal control over the editing process and its cell and tissue-specific recognition capability requires improvement. The potential off-target phenomenon of genotoxicity will be further aggravated with increased Cas9 activity, greatly limiting its application in complex biological systems. Therefore, developing gene editing systems capable of precisely controlling the expression of multiple endogenous genes has become a hot topic of current CRISPR/Cas9 research. Light, as a non-invasive medium with high spatiotemporal resolution, is easy to regulate in terms of duration, location, wavelength, and intensity. Optical regulation, as a novel spatiotemporal regulation strategy of CRISPR/Cas9, has attracted much attention due to its characteristics of minimal toxic side effects, high spatiotemporal resolution, and real-time controllability. Optical regulation strategies can also be used in conjunction with imaging technologies such as fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic imaging to track the delivery process, greatly reducing the difficulty and safety risks of gene editing in vivo, thereby achieving visual delivery and precise spatiotemporal control of CRISPR systems. This review aims to summarize various optical modulation strategies employed in CRISPR/Cas9 system in recent years, evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, and provide an outlook on the challenges and prospects of optical modulation in the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Aniline and its derivatives, as the basic aromatic amine compounds, are widely used in different fields such as chemistry, biology, medicine, dyes, polymer materials and agriculture. Moreover, hydrogenation reduction of nitrobenzene is a simple method for the synthesis of aniline. According to the difference of proton/electron donor, the reduction of nitrobenzene can be divided into Bechamp reduction, catalytic hydrogenation, catalytic hydrogen transfer and Zinin reduction. Zinin reduction is a method for preparing aniline by reducing nitro group by using sulfide as electron donor and protic solvent as hydrogen source, which is widely used in the laboratory research and industrial production. In this review, Zinin reduction method is systematically summarized. The principle of reduction of nitro group by sulfide is clarified from the types of sulfide reductants, the reduction mechanism of nitro group, and the application of nitro group reduction. Additionally, the reduction mechanism of nitro group by elemental sulfur, sulfide, polysulfide and hydrosulfide is detailly elucidated, and the regulatory mechanism of OH^- and H₂O in the reduction of nitro group by sulfide is explained in detail. Finally, the ability and application effect of different sulfides as reductants to reduce nitro group are analyzed in terms of atom economy.

Non-covalent molecular capsules stand as a central research theme in the field of supramolecular chemistry. Characterized by their dynamic confined architectures assembled through non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction, these capsules hold significant promise for applications in catalysis, medicine, and materials science. Conventionally, the construction of molecular capsules has predominantly depended on pre-embedded complementary motifs within supramolecular hosts, a limitation that restricts their synthetic versatility and adaptability. This study addresses this challenge by presenting the design and synthesis of a water-soluble 2-aminobenzimidazole-functional- ized cavitand 1, which is based on a resorcin[4]arene framework. And we examined the binding of the homologous series of the n-alkanes (n-C₇H₁₆ to n-C₂₀H₄₂) to cavitand 1 using a combination of ¹H NMR spectroscopy (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), 2D NOESY (two-dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) and DOSY (diffusion ordered spectroscopy) experiments. Cavitand 1 can form 1∶1 complexes with n-C₇H₁₆ and n-C₁₀H₂₂, and no encapsulation behavior for n-C₁₁H₂₄ because the size of n-C₁₁H₂₄ is too large to form 1∶1 complex and too small to form a dimeric capsule. n-C₁₂H₂₆ to n-C₂₀H₄₂ are good templates for the formation of 1∶2 guest-host capsular complexes. The guest of n-C₁₂H₂₆ fits the space comfortably in an extended conformation and broadened, symmetrical signal patterns were observed in the ¹H NMR spectrum. For n-C₁₅H₃₂ the signals are sharper suggesting a kinetically more stable complex. The conformation of n-C₁₅H₃₂ inside the capsule was determined by 2D NOESY experiments. Cross-peaks between the hydrogen atoms at C(1) and C(3) and at C(1) and C(4), C(2) and C(4) and at C(2) and C(5) were observed. But C(6) is in NOE contact only with C(8). This demonstrates the presence of gauche conformations of four carbon atoms at the ends and an extended chain of carbon atoms in the middle. n-C₇H₁₆⊂1 is a 1∶1 complex and n-C₁₅H₃₂⊂1.1 is a dimeric capsule confirmed by DOSY experiments which reveal diffusion coefficients for n-C₇H₁₆⊂1 (D=2.02×10⁻⁶ cm²•s⁻¹) and n-C₁₅H₃₂⊂1.1 (D=1.54×10⁻⁶ cm²•s⁻¹). Through the Stokes-Einstein relationship, show that the hydrodynamic volume of n-C₁₅H₃₂⊂1.1 is 2.3 times that of n-C₇H₁₆⊂1. Then we investigated host-guest interactions between cavitand 1 and styrylpyridinium SP-Cn (n=1~10) fluorophores in solution using ¹H NMR and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The results indicate that a supramolecular nano-capsule structure was formed with a 2∶1 host-guest stoichiometric ratio (SP-Cn⊂1.1). The electron-poor pyridinium group of SP-Cn is bound within the electron-rich cavity through cation…π interactions. Hydrophobic effects and C—H…π hydrogen bonds drive two cavitand 1 to form a capsule. And the alkyl chain of SP-C10 was compressed to J-shaped conformation by the restricted space. SP-C1⊂1.1 exhibits strong fluorescence in water due to the suppression of aromatic ring rotation within the confined space. Overall, the formation of these molecular capsules is primarily driven by the synergistic action of hydrophobic interactions and C—H…π interactions, providing new insights into the rational design of supramolecular assemblies.

Radial conjugated carbon nanohoops, as nanofragments of carbon nanotubes, have attracted great attention in the fields of synthetic chemistry, stereochemistry, supramolecular chemistry and materials science. The structure of nanohoops can be divided into monocyclic and multicyclic nanohoops according to the geometric angle. The main building blocks of monocyclic nanohoops are benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and macrocycles, the monocyclic nanohoops with macrocycle as the building blocks and multicyclic nanohoops not only have special topological structure but also have the characteristics of high fluorescence quantum yield and large cavity. At present, such nanohoops with topological structure have important research value in the fields of host-guest doping, energy storage materials, porous and organic optoelectronic materials. Therefore, this review will focus on the synthetic methods of porphyrin monocyclic nanohoops with macrocycle as building blocks, figure-of-eight nanohoops and nanogrids, and more complex carbon nanocages.

Tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids have good bioactivity against malaria and epilepsy, among them, xylopinine has good anti malaria activity, while laudanosine has epilepsy treatment activity. A concise asymmetric synthesis of ( S)-(–)- xylopinine and ( S)-(+)-laudanosine has been reported. The key strategies include diastereoselective nucleophilic addition to N-tert-butanesulfinimine, which is combined with Pictet-Spengler reaction as a key step for constructing the pivotal tetrahydroprotoberberine skeleton. This strategy provides a concise and rapid approach to ( S)-(–)-xylopinine (7 steps and 11.1% overall yield) and ( S)-(+)-laudanosine (7 steps and 16.4% overall yield) from known starting materials. The S configuration of synthetic xylopinine and laudanosine at C(14) is confirmed by comparing their specific rotation data.

Polymer materials play a crucial role in modern industry and technology due to their versatile properties and broad range of applications. However, conventional industrial modification strategies often suffer from an inherent inability to finely tune the balance between strength and toughness, thereby constraining their utility in high-performance applications. To address this challenge, researchers have focused on optimizing the internal structure of polymers as a means to regulate their macroscopic mechanical behavior. Among various strategies, network structure design has emerged as a particularly effective approach. This review takes network structure as a central theme and categorizes the mechanisms of polymer modification based on their energy dissipation pathways. Six major mechanisms are discussed: hydrogen bonding, coordination interactions, host-guest interactions, force-sensitive groups, mechanically interlocked structures, and other reinforcing effects. For each category, we provide overview of recent representative and innovative studies. Through detailed structural analysis and performance evaluation, we highlight how different pathways contribute to the enhancement of mechanical properties. These special structures markedly enhance the material's ability to dissipate energy upon external force. This improvement arises primarily through three synergistic pathways: (1) the reversible breaking and reformation of sacrificial bonds, which serve to absorb and redistribute applied stress; (2) energy dissipation via molecular mobility and chain segmental friction; and (3) multiscale mechanisms of stress transfer and dispersion, which effectively mitigate stress concentration and delay failure. Finally, based on the current research, we identify key unresolved questions and major challenges that must be addressed to further advance the mechanical performance of polymer materials. Looking ahead, the development of next-generation high-performance polymers is expected to converge on several critical directions: achieving sustainability in material sourcing and processing, the combination of high elasticity and high toughness, reducing economic costs, and deepening the multiscale understanding of structure-property relationships. These avenues will be pivotal in guiding the rational design of polymer systems for future technological demands.

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various fields of the national economy. However, those with liquid electrolytes may pose potential safety hazards, such as electrolytes leakage, volatilisation, combustion and even explosion. In contrast, solid-state lithium batteries with solid electrolyte exhibit high safety characteristics and have become a research and development hotspot in the scientific and industrial sectors. The design and development of solid-state electrolytes are crucial for solid-state lithium batteries. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is an excellent electrolyte material for solid-state lithium-metal batteries (SSLBs) due to its high flexibility, excellent processability, good interfacial contact and compatibility with lithium-metal anode. However, the low room temperature ionic conductivity of PEO-based solid polymer electrolytes has seriously restricted its further development and application in the field of room temperature solid polymer lithium metal batteries. Through the continuous efforts of researchers at home and abroad, considerable progress has been made in the development of room-temperature solid-state lithium metal batteries SSLBs with PEO-based solid polymer electrolytes. A detailed description of the research progress room-temperature SSLBs with PEO-based solid-state polymer electrolytes is provided. The strategies covered include nanofiller composites, three-dimensional (3D) skeleton enhancement, molecular level modulation, blending with other polymers, and constructing fast ion transport channels inside the cathode. Finally, a systematic outlook on the challenges and future development trends room-temperature SSLBs with PEO-based solid polymer electrolyte are presented.

In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained much attention due to their superior photoelectric conversion performance, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cells prepared in laboratories up to 26%. However, despite these advancements, the scaling-up process often leads to significant efficiency losses, which limits its further commercialization. It is crucial to develop an affordable, scalable, and controllable production method. The most commonly used preparation methods for perovskite films are the one-step method and the two-step method. Unfortunately, the one-step method suffers from a narrow processing window and environmental concerns as it requires the addition of an anti-solvent, which leads to poor reproducibility and hinders the scaling-up process. In contrast, the two-step method exhibits high reproducibility and friendliness to operators and the environment as perovskite films' growth is divided into two parts. In addition, the two-step spin coating solution method stands out for its easy fabrication, good repeatability, and high operability. It is conducive to the controllable preparation of high-quality large-area perovskite films and has great potential in commercial applications. Based on the characteristics that the preparation of perovskite is divided into two steps, the two-step solution method has more regulatory directions, and a lot of research work has been reported. In this review, the recent progress and the problems of the two-step spin coating solution method in additive engineering, interface modification, solvent engineering, and other engineering are described in detail, and the challenges and future research prospects of the two-step spin coating solution method are also analyzed. Additive engineering involves incorporating additives into inorganic components, organic components, and charge transport layers. Interface modification encompasses electron transport layer- perovskite interface as well as perovskite-hole transport layer interfaces. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the research of large-area and high-performance perovskite solar cells.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are characteristic of high specific surface area, abundant metal nodes, diverse organic ligands, and ordered pore structure. More importantly, its composition and structure are easy to be designed and controlled, so it is very promising to become a new class of catalytic carrier materials. In recent years, the composites of metal nanoparticles encapsulated by MOFs have attracted great attention in the field of catalysis due to their unique structural features. However, more in-depth and systematic research is still needed in terms of its precise preparation and the relationship of the structure and catalytic performance. Based on above, the recent research progress on the preparation methods of metal nanoparticles encapsulated by MOFs and their catalytic applications are systematically summarizd. First, the synthesis methods of metal nanoparticles encapsulated by MOFs are summarized. Then, the catalytic applications are discussed in term of synergy among metal nanoparticles, pore structure, organic ligands or/and metal nodes of MOFs. Moreover, the relationships among active component, structure and their properties are illustrated. Finally, the challenges, opportunities and future development prospects of this research direction are discussed from the aspects of synthesis methods and catalytic applications.

β-Naphthol is an important synthon in organic synthesis and can participate in various chemical reactions due to its active chemical property at α-site, which has attracted a great attention from chemists. β-Naphthol can undergo various chemical transformations at α-position, such as alkylation, arylation, cyclization, amination, halogenation and so on, which can be used to construct structurally diverse naphthol derivatives with various biological activities. These naphthol derivatives can be used not only as the privileged skeletons of natural active drugs, but also as the building blocks for the preparation of the important intermediates in chemical synthesis. In recent years, chemical reactions based on β-naphthol at α-site have emerged one after another. The reactions of β-naphthol at α-position are reviewed from the aspects of C-C, C-N, C-O, C-X, C-S, C-P bond constructions and so on.

In recent years, the development and application of transition metal ruthenium or iridium complexes based photocatalysts have opened up a new research field for organic synthesis, which provides mild and efficient strategies for the construction of chemical bonds and organic transformations. In order to enrich the types of photocatalysts, broaden the application scope of photocatalysis, and develop green and sustainable chemistry, some low-cost and easily available organometallic complexes with copper or iron were applied as photocatalysts recently. Iron-complexes feature non-toxicity, rich variety, and unique property of charge transfer from ligands to metals, which enable them show extraordinary capability in the field of photocatalytic synthesis. According to different reaction types, this review focuses on the recent development of photoinduced iron-catalysis in organic synthesis including C—H bond functionalization, C—C bond functionalization, bifunctionalization of alkenes, cross-coupling reaction, decarboxylative functionalization, selective oxidation and reduction.

Journal literature is an important source of scientific data. The manual indexing method was used to identify and extract scientific data for long time. With the development of information technology and artificial intelligence methods, it is gradually becoming possible to automatically identify and extract scientific data from journal literature. In this paper, the method of automatic identification and extraction of chemical data from journal articles was studied by language expression patterns and rule-based natural language processing (NLP) technology, and the automatic identification and extraction of chemical data from 3275 experimental research articles of Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry in 10 years from 2013 to 2022 was completed, and more than 30 kinds of chemical data including product characteristics, synthetic reaction parameters, physical property data, and spectral data were extracted. After data extraction, the corresponding databases have been built, and the knowledge service of the Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry has been provided. A performance test of all 422 articles in the Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2022 showed that the accuracy of optical rotation data identification and extraction was 100%, melting point data was 99.85%, fluorine nuclear magnetic spectroscopy was 99.55%, carbon nuclear magnetic spectroscopy was 99.80%, material form data was 99.47%, and product name was 98.76% (a total of 4665 product names were extracted, of which 58 were problematic product names). The current method to identify product name uses irrelevant content exclusion method based on local scenes, and the accuracy of product name recognition is expected to be improved if an identification method of system and semi-system nomenclature is used. Logically, the automatic identification and extraction method based on language expression patterns and natural language processing technology is not limited by disciplines and is suitable for all scientific data.

Cell membrane receptor proteins are important mediators for communication between cells and the external environment. Changes in their expression levels or behavior may indicate the initiation of certain physiological or pathological processes in the body, and many cell membrane receptor proteins have been used as a basis for identifying different cell populations or subtypes and as targets for targeted therapy. Traditional genetic engineering protein imaging strategies involve genetic manipulation, which may interfere with other biological processes within the cell and have unpredictable limitations. Therefore, non-genetic engineering protein imaging strategies have gained significant attention in tumor visualization imaging research, mainly due to their notable characteristics, including simplicity, programmable design, and ease of regulation, and have been widely used in the imaging studies of cell membrane receptor proteins. This review comprehensively summarizes the use of non-genetic engineering strategies for cell membrane receptor protein imaging. It includes the design of logical gate probes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes, structurally constrained hybridization probes, and signal tags for cell type identification; secondly, it summarizes the application of this protein imaging mode in the interaction of cell membrane receptor proteins, where receptor dimerization in the interaction of membrane receptor proteins is the first step in receptor activation and cell communication, and the visualization of membrane receptor dimerization is achieved by designing DNA probe systems and fluorescent sensors. Additionally, this review covers the application of spatial distribution analysis imaging of cell membrane receptor proteins, achieving nanometer-level spatial distribution imaging of membrane receptors through single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) and point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (PAINT); finally, it looks forward to the challenges faced in this field and future development directions. With advancements in DNA nanotechnology, imaging technology, and bioinformatics, future research on non-genetic engineering strategies could provide higher resolution and more in-depth imaging of cell membrane receptor proteins, thereby offering more innovative pathways for in-depth study of intercellular communication mechanisms.

A aggregation induced effect (AIE) Zn²⁺ fluorescence probe with tetrastyrene as the fluorescent group and orthovanillin as the recognition group was designed and synthesized. The structure of the probe was characterized by ¹H NMR, MS and single-crystal X ray diffraction. The fluorescence spectra showed that the probe has good selectivity and sensitivity to Zn²⁺, and its fluorescence enhances with the increase of concentration of Zn²⁺. Through job plot and single crystal structure characterization, it was found that the probe has a 2∶1 binding mode with Zn²⁺, and the detection limit is 56.2 nmol•L^–1. The detection mechanism was attributed to the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and AIE effect. The new AIE probe can be used as a convenient tool for the analysis and determination of Zn²⁺.

A green, efficient and catalyst-free synthesis of (E)-2-styrylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives via direct olefination of 2-methylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with aromatic aldehydes has been accomplished successfully by using environmentally benign and non-toxic deep eutectic solvent (DES) of 1,3-dimethylurea (DMU)/L-(+)-tartaric acid (LTA) (n∶n=7∶3) as a dual catalyst and reaction medium. The synthetic strategy has the attractive features such as mild and environmentally benign reaction conditions, experimental simplicity, easy work-up procedure and good yields, which would contribute to the usefulness of this method.

Electrochemical sensors are widely employed for the detection of substance concentrations owing to their rapid response, high sensitivity, remarkable selectivity, and ease of quantification. With the rapid advancements in flexible electronics technology, electrochemical sensors have been transitioned into flexible and wearable formats, facilitating the in-situ analysis of biological liquids or gases. This breakthrough has opened avenues for portable, noninvasive continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and health status, thereby unveiling vast potential in the realm of intelligent healthcare and medical applications. Building upon these remarkable progressions, this paper primarily focuses on the design and applications of flexible electrochemical sensors tailored specifically for noninvasive medical detection. Firstly, the basic components of flexible electrochemical sensors are elucidated. Subsequently, the working principles of various types of sensors are expounded upon. Furthermore, we systematically review the latest advancements in the detection of pivotal chemical substances in typical biofluids such as sweat, interstitial fluid, tears, saliva, and breath, using flexible electrochemical sensors. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of flexible electrochemical sensors for applications in noninvasive health monitoring and precision medicine are discussed and proposed.

α-Amino carbonyl derivatives are an important class of molecular backbones found in many pharmaceuticals and natural product molecules, meanwhile, they are also an essential kind of intermediates for the synthesis of many organic molecules. To develop simple and efficient method for the synthesis of structurally diversity α-amino carbonyl derivatives of great importance, the amination reactions of carbonyl α-position hydrocarbon bond in recent decades are classified and summarized based on the different activation patterns experienced by the reactions. These reactions are mainly divided into four categories: electrophilic amination, oxidative amination, halide mediated amination, and electrochemical amination.

Supported Au-based catalysts have been attracting continuous attention owing to their outstanding performance in various catalytic applications. However, the complicated environment on the catalyst surface severely hampered the unambiguous illustration of the structural-function relationship for Au-based catalysts. In this work, we developed a facile strategy to fabricate various Au species [Au^n＋ (n>1), Au^δ＋ (0<n<1) and Au⁰] onto the CeO₂ support, which the Au/CeO₂ interaction was distinctively modulated by the CeO₂-x with different calcination temperatures. As-prepared Au/CeO₂-x were valued as catalysts for CO oxidation reaction, which is important for both environmental application and model catalysis. The as-formed clustered Au with δ＋ oxidation state on CeO₂-400 demonstrates the best catalytic performance at 50 ℃, while the Au nanoparticles with dominant Au⁰ atoms are superior for catalyzing CO oxidation at room temperature. However, the monodispersed Au^n＋ single-sites with the highest dispersion are almost inactive for CO oxidation below 50 ℃. On the basis of structural characterizations and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results, we reasonably speculated that the electronic state of Au species plays a predominant role at room temperature for catalytic performance owing to the differentiated CO adsorption ability. This speculation is well in line with our former research finding that the Au^n＋ sites are weak in capturing CO molecules and Au⁰ is favorable for CO adsorption. The surficial O atoms, especially the lattice O atoms, play a minor role in catalyzing CO oxidation for the Au particles within Au/CeO₂-700, implying that the reactant molecules might prefer a L-H pathway at room temperature. In contrast, the clustered Au^δ＋ with moderate CO adsorption ability and abundant interfacial site was apt to participate in the surface reaction with a MvK pathway, in which the reaction between surficial lattice O atoms and adsorbed CO molecules significantly contribute to the catalytic activity. Therefore, the Au/CeO₂-400 catalyst coupling with moderate CO adsorption ability and abundant active O atoms displayed the best catalytic efficiency at elevated temperatures. These findings in this work provided a facile route for the fabrication efficient Au/CeO₂ catalyst, and shed light on the molecular understanding of the reaction path over various Au sites.

Solar water evaporation system has appealing advantages of low cost and high energy efficiency, which is of great significance to alleviate energy crisis, reduce water pollution and promote seawater desalination. However, the natural mechanism of solar-driven water evaporation system is often affected via low evaporation rate and small absorption spectrum range. The interface evaporation strategy that locally heats and limits heat loss is widely recognized as a high-performance and sustainable approach for efficient solar steam generation. With the continuous development of solar evaporation technology, the preparation of green and efficient photothermal materials has become a research hotspot. In this review, the photothermal materials were classified into metal materials, semiconductor materials, carbon-based materials and polymer materials according to their types. It elaborated on the photothermal conversion mechanisms of different materials and summarized the research status and progress of photothermal materials in the field of seawater desalination in recent years. The potential candidate photothermal materials were discussed and their future development was forecasted. This review aims to propose practical strategies for the rational design and development of efficient photothermal materials in the field of seawater desalination. The findings summarized in this review are of great significance for the future development of photothermal materials and provide valuable guidance for future research in this area.

Sulfur-containing compounds are widely found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and materials, possessing a variety of biological activities or unique functions. C—S coupling reaction is an important method for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds and is one of the hot spots in the field of organic synthesis. With the in-depth development of catalysts and the continuous expansion of sulfur-containing coupling partners, a large number of C—S coupling reactions have emerged in recent years, which greatly facilitate the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds. Aryl halides are the main kind of substrates for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds. C—S coupling reactions of aryl halides and sulfur-containing coupling partners can efficiently afford sulfur-containing compounds, such as thiophenols, thioethers, disulfides and sulfones in different well-designed reaction systems. In this review, the C—S coupling reactions with aryl halides as substrates are reviewed according to the different types of sulfur-containing coupling partners and catalysts (palladium, copper, nickel, and others). The mechanisms of representative reactions are briefly described and compared. In addition, a brief analysis of the current situations and limitations in this field is given, and a prospect for future development is put forward.

Asymmetric synthesis is one of the most important and valuable frontiers in exploratory research of synthetic organic chemistry. With the renaissance and vigorous development of organic electrochemistry in recent years, combining electrochemical organic synthesis and asymmetric catalytic strategies can be used to expand the reaction types, activation modes, bond formation systems, and substrate adaptability of asymmetric catalysis using the benefits of organic electrochemistry, which brought new opportunities for the asymmetric transformation that is difficult or impossible to be achieved by traditional methods. Thus, the development of novel, efficient, precise and sustainable electrochemical asymmetric catalytic strategies under mild and eco-friendly conditions is of great research significance. Although there are many advantages and key advances in asymmetric electrocatalysis, major challenges remain. Until now, relatively few examples of asymmetric electrochemical transformations with high enantioselectivity have been reported. In recent years, scholars in the field of organic chemistry around the world have carried out a series of original works in the field of asymmetric electro- chemical catalysis, and achieved remarkable results. The theoretical innovation, technical breakthrough, and difficult challenges in asymmetric electrochemical synthesis in recent decades are summarized. Examples of enantioselective electro-organic synthesis using transition metal catalysts, organocatalysts, biological enzyme catalysts, chemically modified chiral electrodes, chiral electrolytes, chiral solvents and chiral auxiliaries are discussed, along with their related reaction machanistic aspects. Finally, perspectives on this cutting-edge area are also briefly discussed.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as significant porous materials in the field of catalysis, owing to their unique designability, high porosity, favorable crystallinity, and customizable pore environments. Recent advancements in COFs research have led to increased structural diversity and the exploration of various construction strategies, showcasing their remarkable application prospects in catalysis. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of common strategies employed in constructing COFs based on their fundamental structures. Additionally, several practical applications of COFs in C—H activation are highlighted, elucidating the catalytic mechanisms involved in these reactions. Finally, the current challenges and issues confronting COFs in the realm of catalysis are explored, intending to provide valuable guidance for their future development in C—H activation.

Nuclear energy, recognized as an efficient and stable power source, is poised to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy mix. The reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel is crucial in assessing whether nuclear energy can be deemed a sustainable form of energy. Among the various technologies involved, partitioning-transmutation technology not only reduces the long-term hazards associated with radioactive waste but also mitigates the environmental risks linked to the treatment of nuclear waste. The transuranic elements in high-level liquid waste (HLLW) possess relatively high toxicity and long half-lives. Therefore, the effective separation of transuranic elements from HLLW is a necessary condition and a key technology for separation-transmutation. Among the methods for the separation of actinides, solvent extraction has been widely applied due to its simplicity and low cost. However, this method also presents several challenges, such as the use of toxic or flammable solvents, the formation of emulsions, and the generation of large amounts of secondary organic hazardous waste. In contrast, solid-phase adsorption does not require organic solvents, thereby reducing the volume of solvents and the risk of secondary pollution. Moreover, the adsorption process can be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure, making it simple, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and regenerable. These advantages have contributed to its increasing popularity and research interest in recent years. However, the harsh conditions in HLLW present significant challenges in the development of solid-phase adsorbents. Despite many obstacles, advancements in solid-phase adsorbent materials for transuranic element separation have demonstrated considerable potential within the nuclear energy sector. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits, challenges, and prospective applications of solid-phase adsorbents. It offers a systematic review of research progress in various solid adsorbents, including inorganic porous materials, carbon-based porous materials, polymer resins, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), specifically in the context of transuranic element separation. The review investigates their strengths in terms of adsorption performance, selectivity, stability, and regenerability. Additionally, it highlights research challenges such as the complexity of preparation, economic viability, and the scalability of production processes. This thorough analysis is instrumental in the development of more efficient and eco-friendly transuranic element adsorbent materials and in facilitating their integration into practical nuclear energy processing applications.

Heterocycles are a highly valuable class of complex scaffolds that are involved in a various kind of well-known organic compounds of industrial and pharmacological importance. Sultine, an important class of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, plays central roles in medicine, biology and material science. The sulfur atom in sultine is located at a vertex of a stable pyramid without identical substituents, making it a chiral center with potential applications in asymmetric synthesis. The asymmetry of sultine can be easily eliminated by oxidizing it into sultone. In addition, sultines have shown to be versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. They can act as useful synthons with hidden bifunctionality: opening the heterocycle at the S—O bond leads to the simultaneous appearance of two functional groups in the product. Despite their potential, the chemical research of sultines have been long neglected and underdeveloped due to their inaccessibility. Only recently, some research groups have discovered protocols for the preparation of these heterocycles and explored their properties using methods such as visible light-induced radical homolytic substitution cyclization and radical polar crossover cyclization, and so on. It is worth noting that although sultines have been discussed in a few reviews, they are not systematic but very fragmentary. Owing to the increasing interest in studies on sultines and their transformations. The synthesis methods, physical properties and applications of sultines are systematically summarized in the past 130 years. The synthetic tactics are reviewed by highlighting their product diversity, selectivity and applicability, along with the mechanistic rationale where possible. Additionally, the chemical transformations of sultines, including photolysis, thermolysis, ring-opening reactions, oxidation/reduction reactions, and rearrangement reactions, are demonstrated. The usefulness of sultines in synthesis, medicine and materials is described as well. Finally, the development status of sultine compounds is reviewed, and a future perspective is provided, in order to offer reference for researchers engaged in sultine chemistry.

Fluorescent photoswitching molecules have been explored for their potential applications in the fields of anti- counterfeiting, super-resolution imaging, optical data storage, and sensor devices due to their fast response, reversibility, and fatigue resistance. The fluorescence switch of fluorescent photoswitching molecules requires a certain degree of spatial freedom, so compared to solution, achieving solid-state fluorescence switching is somewhat difficult. An effective method is to combine aggregation induced luminescence (AIE) molecules with fluorescent switching molecules through covalent bonds or supramolecular interactions, and the distorted conformation of AIE molecules can provide enough space for the configurational changes of fluorescent photoswitching molecules after light exposure, thus realizing solid-state fluorescent photoswitching. In this paper, the application of this strategy in several typical photoswitching molecules is mainly reviewed, providing a feasible reference for the design of novel solid-state fluorescent photoswitching molecular systems, which is crucial for understanding the stimulus-response mechanism of solid-state photoswitching molecules, developing new materials, and expanding their applications.

Aromatic nitriles are one of the ubiquitous versatile materials in organic synthesis, and also a class of important synthetic intermediates for a wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, dyes, spices, and functional materials. However, the C—CN bond of aryl nitriles has rarely been considered as a valuable reaction site due to the high thermodynamic stability. Therefore, the development of simple and efficient methods to catalyze the C—CN bond transformation of aryl nitriles has become one of the hot research topics in recent years. In this review, the recent advances in the transformation reactions of aromatic nitriles via C—CN bond cleavage in the past decade are summarized and classified according to different reaction mechanisms, mainly including transition metal-mediated/catalyzed C—CN transformation, free radical-mediated C—CN transformation, Lewis acid, base or Brønsted acid-mediated C—CN transformation. The reaction substrate compatibility, mechanism, applications, advantages and limitations in this field are also discussed in detail.

Intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has proved to be an effective method to achieve the selective functionalization of remote C—H bonds. In this fascinating research area, alkoxy radicals have emerged as an important intermediate to participate in intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer reactions. In particular, the burgeoning visible-light photoredox catalysis has provided a new platform for O-radical directed remote functionalization of C(sp³)—H bonds. The progress on the different mechanisms of alkoxy radical generation and their applications in the intramolecular 1,5-HAT reactions for remote C(sp³)—H bond functionalization in the past five years are comprehensively summarized.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging important class of porous materials with periodically ordered structures consisting of core and linker units held together by strong covalent bonds. Their well-designed architecture, tunable functional properties and good thermal stabilities provide great potential for applications in photoenergy conversion and semiconductors. For the aim to explore the relationship between the structure and properties of COFs, which should be very useful for the design of new type of such attractive photo functional materials, the energy character of organic building units, fragment molecules and periodic two-dimensional planar structures are analyzed for COF66 and COF366. The results show that the structure of periodic planar frameworks will be influenced by the geometry of organic building units. Moreover, the relative energy level of the frontier orbitals of the organic building blocks will affect the ionization potential and electron affinity. And the electronic properties of the COFs are also in the same case. Therefore, the electronic property of organic building units is a key factor for determining the electronic structure of periodic structure of COFs. In addition, the electronic coupling of COFs will be larger if the conjugation of the organic building blocks is better. Then, the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum will be more dispersive, and the charge carrier mobility will get larger.