杂环金属铱配合物光敏剂的研究进展

doi:10.6023/cjoc202410017

摘要/Abstract

环金属化铱(III)配合物是有机发光二极管中常用的光敏剂, 也是太阳能转化和合成有机化学中常用的光催化剂. 铱配合物具有较高系间窜跃(ISC)效率和可调节的三重激发态寿命, 近年来在三重态光敏化应用领域备受瞩目. 科学家们就调控铱配合物的光吸收性能、发光量子效率和三重激发态寿命已建立起有效的分子设计策略和原则. 介绍了多吡啶基杂环金属化铱(III)配合物[Ir(C^N)₂(N^N)]^＋的分子设计策略、相关的光物理和光化学性质及应用研究, 主要涉及光物理性质调控(可见光吸收性能、激发态寿命), 综述了铱配合物近年来应用光催化合成、三重态-三重态湮灭光子上转换的研究进展, 梳理了杂环金属铱(III)配合物分子结构与光敏化性能之间的部分关联关系, 为设计具有更加优异性能的环金属铱(III)配合物提供参考.

关键词: 杂环金属铱配合物, 激发态, 光催化, 三重态-三重态湮灭, 光子上转换

Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are widely used as photosensitizers in organic light-emitting diodes and as photocatalysts in solar energy conversion and organic chemical synthesis. These iridium complexes feature high intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency and adjustable triplet excited state lifetimes. In recent years, they have gained significant attention in the field of triplet photosensitization. Effective molecular design strategies and principles have been developed to enhance the light absorption performance, luminescence quantum efficiency, and triplet excited state lifetime of iridium complexes. The molecular design strategies as well as the photophysical and photochemical properties associated with multi-pyridine heterocyclic metalized iridium(III) complexes [Ir(C^N)₂(N^N)]^＋ are discussed. It focuses on regulating properties such as visible light absorption and excited state lifetime, and reviews recent applications of iridium complexes in photocatalytic synthesis. Additionally, the article summarizes advancements in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) and explores the correlations between the molecular structure and photosensitivity of heteroleptic tris(cyclometalated) iridium(III) complexes. This research provides insights for designing cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with enhanced performance.

Key words: heteroleptic tris(cyclometalated) iridium complex, excited state, photocatalysis, triplet-triplet annihilation, photon upconversion

引用此文

史茜, 李忠玉, 李晗. 杂环金属铱配合物光敏剂的研究进展[J]. 有机化学, 2025, 45(7): 2389-2405.

Qian Shi, Zhongyu Li, Han Li. Recent Advances in Photosensitizers of Heteroleptic Tris(cyclometalated) Iridium Complexes[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2025, 45(7): 2389-2405.

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图/表 20

图1. 杂环金属铱(III)配合物IrIII(L1L1L2)的分子设计策略及潜在应用

Figure 1. Molecular design strategies and potential applications of heteroleptic iridium complex IrIII(L1L1L2) Abs., S1, S2, Phos., IC, and ISC represent absorption, first singlet excited state, second singlet excited state, phosphorescence, internal conversion, and intersystem crossing, respectively.

图2. (a)杂环金属铱配合物[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)]＋ (Ir1)的结构式; (b) Ir(III)配合物电子构型和最低能跃迁能级; (c) LC、MLCT和MC激发态的电子跃迁(MC电子能级无发光, GS表示基态); (d)金属铱配合物Ir1在乙腈溶液中的吸收和发射光谱[11a]

Figure 2. (a) Structure of heteroleptic iridium complex [Ir(ppy)2(bpy)]＋ (Ir1); (b) Electronic configuration and the lowest-energy transitions of Ir(III) complexes; (c) Electronic transitions involving the excited states of LC, MLCT, and MC (MC levels are not emissive, GS represents ground state); (d) Absorption and emission spectra of Ir1 complex in acetonitrile[11a]

图3. 基于前线分子轨道理论调控MLCT的能级

Figure 3. Tuning MLCT state energy through manipulation of frontier molecular orbitals

图4. 氟取代(F)、氰基(CN)、TPA取代及含N—H、O—H的杂金属铱配合物IrIII(L1L1L2)及HOMO和LUMO的轨道分布

Figure 4. Fluorine substitution (F), cyano group (CN) substitution, TPA (triphenylamine) substitution, and the presence of N—H and O—H groups of heterometallic iridium(III) complexes IrIII(L1L1L2), along with the distribution of HOMO and LUMO orbitals

Photocatalyst	E_ox^a/V	E_red^a/V	E_0-0^b/eV	$E_{\operatorname{ox}}^{*}$^c/V	$E_{\operatorname{red}}^{*}$^c/V	Ref.
Ir1	＋0.87	－1.70	2.00	－1.13	＋0.22	[11a, 11e]
Ir2	＋1.51	－1.37	2.40	－0.89	＋1.03	[19f]
Ir3	＋1.49	－1.45	2.52	－1.04	＋1.07	[19f]
Ir4	＋0.83	－1.10	1.94	－1.11	＋0.84	[19e, 19h]
Ir6	＋0.87	－1.65	—^d	—^d	—^d	[22a]
Ir7	＋0.87	－1.33	—^d	—^d	—^d	[22b]
Ir8	＋0.91	－1.80	2.05	－1.14	＋0.25	[11a]
Ir9	＋1.31	－1.73	2.47	－1.16	＋0.74	[9, 11a]
Ir10	＋0.36	－2.60	2.28	－1.92	＋0.32	[2c, 11c]
Ir20	＋1.55	—^d	—^d	—^d	—^d	[8a]

表1. 所选环金属铱(III)光敏剂的氧化还原电位

Table 1. Redox potentials of selected cyclometalated iridium(III) photosensitizers

图5. 引入芳香环共轭得到的C^N和N^N配体

Figure 5. Examples of C^N and N^N ligands obtained through the addition of aromatic rings

图6. 共价连接或直接螯合到杂环金属铱络合物IrIII(L1L1L2)上的典型发色团

Figure 6. Typical chromophores covalently linked to IrIII(L1L1L2) or directly chelated onto the Ir(III) center

Photo- catalyst	λ_em^max^a/nm	τ_T^b/μs	E_T/eV	Ref.
Ir1	602	0.275	2.29	[11e]
Ir2	557	0.224	2.23	[19g]
Ir3	540	—^c	2.30	[19f]
Ir4	750	0.027	—^c	[19h]
Ir5	666^d	2.3^d	2.07	[23c]
Ir6	588^e	0.1895^e	—^c	[22a]
Ir7	588^f	τ₁=0.0092^fτ₂=0.2156^f	—^c	[22b]
Ir7	611^g	τ₁=0.0354^gτ₂=0.1^g	—^c	[22b]
Ir8	581	0.557	2.13	[11c]
Ir9	470	2.3	2.61	[11a, 11c, 19f]
Ir10	518	1.9	2.39	[11c, 19f,]
Ir11	603^h	75.5^h	2.06	[25]
Ir12	608^h	73.6^h	2.06	[25]
Ir13	553/742^h	87.2^h	2.10	[24a]
Ir14	514^h	23.7^h	2.43	[24a]
Ir15	672/747^d,h	157.2^d,h	1.86	[23b]
Ir16	678/751^d,h	363.7^d,h	1.85	[23b]
Ir17	682/757^d,h	85.8^d,h	1.85	[23b]
Ir18	600/738^d,h	30.7^d,h	2.15	[23b]
Ir19	677^d	53.3^d	2.57	[23c]
Ir20	474^h	72.1^h	2.86	[8a]

表2. 所选环金属铱(III)光敏剂的光物理性质

Table 2. Photophysical properties of selected cyclometalated iridium(III) photosensitizers

图7. 可见光诱导Ir8催化的Stephenson-Aza-Henry反应

Figure 7. Visible-light-induced Ir8 catalyzed Stphenson-Aza-Henry reaction

图8. α-氨基的氧化官能团化

Figure 8. Oxidative α-amino functionalization

图9. 可见光引发的Ir8催化分子内环化反应

Figure 9. Visible-light-induced Ir8-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization reaction

图10. 可见光诱导Ir9催化的交叉脱氢偶联反应

Figure 10. Visible-light-induced Ir9 catalyzed dehydrogenation cross-coupling reaction

图11. 光催化介导的能量转移催化吲哚衍生物的去芳香分子内[2＋2]环加成反应

Figure 11. Photocatalytic intramolecular dearomative [2＋2] cycloaddition of indole derivatives induced by the energy transfer process (a) Indole derivatives tethered with olefins at the C3 position; (b) Indole derivatives tethered with olefins at the N1 position

图12. 可见光诱导Ir9催化的[2＋2]环加成反应

Figure 12. Visible-light-enabled Ir9 catalyzed [2＋2] cycloaddition reaction

图13. 可见光诱导Ir9参与的能量转移催化脱羧官能团化反应

Figure 13. Visible light-induced Ir9 for energy-transfer-enabled decarboxylative functionalization reactions

图14. 基于三重态-三重态湮灭光子上转换的Jablonski能级图和能量传递过程

Figure 14. Jablonski energy level diagram and energy transfer process of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion

图15. 光敏剂Ir10和湮灭剂的分子结构

Figure 15. Structures of photosensitizer Ir10 and annihilators

图16. IrIII络合物(Ir11~Ir14)和三重态湮灭剂的分子结构

Figure 16. Molecular structures of IrIII complexes (Ir11~Ir14) and triplet annihilators

图17. IrIII络合物(Ir5, Ir15~Ir19)的分子结构

Figure 17. Molecular structures of IrIII complexes (Ir5, Ir15~Ir19)

图18. IrIII络合物Ir20 (a)和三重态湮灭剂PPO (b)的分子结构; (c) Ir20的荧光谱图(红色)和Ir20/PPO上转换体系在447 nm(蓝色)激发下的上转换发光光谱(黄色); (d) Ir20/PPO上转换体系驱动的光反应

Figure 18. Molecular structures of IrIII complex Ir20 (a) and triplet annihilator PPO (b); (c) Fluorescence spectrum of Ir20 (red) and upconversion luminescence spectrum of the Ir20/PPO system excited at 447 nm (yellow) upon upconversion; (d) Photochemical reaction driven via the Ir20/PPO upconversion system

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